[[Category:1862_Allotment]] [[Category:Delaware_Nation]] [[Category: Kansas Delaware]] [[Category:Native American Genealogy Resources]] Map of Indian land taken by cessions [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Image:Photos-244.gif] Confirmation of 86/150 total listed on Wikitree = 57% 4 Dec 2019 KF ----- '''Preface''' I have long been curious about my Native roots. Who were all these people called Kansas Delaware? I knew my grandmother had been around them, as was her mother and all her cousins, but who was there then, and why? I reviewed the land allotments and saw so many common last names. I knew the Delaware had traveled many miles on foot and horseback from the east coast, Pennsylvania, Ohio and other areas before ending up in Kansas, but who was in the group, and why did these common names always appear? I thought they must be connected. Maybe not family, but certainly as a community. I thought the best way to do my research was review the 1862 allotment list and layout of the land. I knew my relations ran the ferry boat that moved goods to and from this region. I thought the listing of lots and inclusion of names on those plots might reveal family's and relationships to show how all these people were related. My attempt here in this project is to place the people in their family units, so we could see how interconnected they all were. Did their working relationship's through the decades, evolve into family's uniting? ==Goal== The goal of this project is to add a tag to destinguish individual profiles within WikiTree. All the original individuals who were listed as DELAWARE INDIANS WHO ELECTED TO DISSOLVE THEIR TRIBAL RELATIONS AND BECOME CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES Under Treaty of July 4, 1866 '''"Kansas Delaware"'''. ==Documentation== This information was gathered from the writing by Chief Thomas Swiftwater Hahn via the link: http://lenapedelawarehistory.net/mirror/kansasdelaware.htm The following is a listing of Delaware Indians Who Elected to Dissolve Their Tribal Relations and Become Citizens of the United States in 1866. They remained in Kansas when the main body of the Delaware went to Indian Territory (later Oklahoma) and became known as the "Kansas (Citizen) Delaware". The basic list of the Delaware and their minor children who chose to remain in Kansas is in Record Group 21, Subgroup: Kansas (Topeka), Record of Indian Naturalizations, National Archives (Kansas City, MO), was compiled by the Reverend John G. Pratt. Pratt based his list on the third article of the Treaty of 4 July 1866, between the Delaware and the United States at Sarcoxieville, in which it was stated that, "It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to give each of the Delaware Indians who have received their proportion of land in severalty an opportunity, free from all restraint, to elect whether they will dissolve their relations with the tribe and become citizens of the United States: and the lands of all such Indians as may elect so to become citizens, together with those of their minor children. held for them in severalty, shall be reserved from the sale hereinbefore provided for." (Kappler, Treaties, 937- 942.) The basic listing, which is in the public domain, can be found in Microfilm Roll No. 5. at the University of Kansas and and at the Wyandotte County Historical Museum at Bonner Springs, Kansas. Pratt's listing can also be found in Fay Louise Smith Arellano's Delaware Trails: Some Tribal Records 1842-1907, p. 185 in which it is entitled DELAWARE INDIANS WHO ELECTED TO DISSOLVE THEIR TRIBAL RELATIONS AND BECOME CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES Under Treaty of July 4, 1866. There is a listing of heads of family only in C. A. Weslager, The Delaware Indians: A History, Appendix 10, "List of Delawares on Reservation in Kansas Who Decided to Become American Citizens." Weslager's Listing provides a list of the nineteen heads of families only. See the Bibliography Section on this site for the ordering data and additional details of both of the latter two titles. Several of these persons later went to Indian Territory to live on Cherokee Land with the main body of the Delaware called "Registered Delaware " or the "Eastern Oklahoma Delaware Tribe of Indians" or the "Delaware Tribe of Indians," as they call themselves today. Accordingly, such persons are no longer considered to be members of the Kansas Delaware Tribe of Indians or "Citizen Delaware." Those persons generally can be distinguished by being on the 1898 Dawes Commission Roll and in the 1904 Cherokee Census. Though most of the Delaware who went to Indian Territory were considered to be Cherokee by the Cherokee Nation, they never really lost their Delaware connection. This has only been affirmed in recent court and Bureau of Indian Affairs decisions, but the matter remains in contention. To add to the confusion, the Delaware Tribe of Indians sometimes called the Delaware who elected to stay in Kansas-- but later went to Oklahoma-- "Kansas Delaware," a term sometimes used to denote members of the Kansas Delaware Tribe of Indians." For convenience we have three listings of the Delaware who remained in Kansas. The first is alphabetical. It includes the 1862 Allotment Numbers. The second is organized by 1862 Allotment Numbers. The third is an annotated listing by Allotment Numbers. ==Kansas Delaware== Most of the Delaware went to Indian Territory in 1866. '''Those listed below chose to remain in Kansas by becoming citizens of the United States.''' Descendants of these individuals are the Kansas Delaware Tribe of Indians. http://kansasdelaware.org/genealog.html '''Names are given with the 1862 Allotment numbers.''' *No. 125 Mary Jane Defries, age 24, with children No. 894, William Defries, age 5 and Elizabeth Defries, age 2 *No. 71 Eliza Jane Fish, age 28. *No. 78 Frances C. Grinter, female, age 27, with children No. 79 Mary L. Grinter, age 10, No. 80, John W. Grinter, age 7, Nannie H Grinter age 5, and Edward E. Grinter age 2. *No. 127 Anna Grinter, age 45. [Daughter of Betsy Wi-La-Que-Na-Ho and William Marshall]. *No. 128 William H. Grinter, age 25, [son of Anna Marshall], No. 129 Martha Grinter, age 9, and Cunningham Grinter, age 2. *No. 36 Rosanna Grinter, age 37 [daughter of Betsey Wi-La-Que-Na-Ho and William Marshall] with children No. 37 Juliet Marshall ,age 16, No.38 Henrietta F. Grinter, age 15, No. 39 Marie Jane Grinter, age 13, No. 40 Sarah Frances Grinter, age 11, No. 41 Mary Bell Grinter, age 9, and James W. Grinter, age 7, Elizabeth Grinter ,age 3, and Flora Grinter, age 15 months. *No. 111 Sally Honeywell, age 36 with children No. 112 Eli M. Honeywell, age 12, No. 113 Susan T. Honeywell, age 9, No. 114 William Honeywell, age 5, and John Honeywell, age 3. No. 115 [sic] George O. Collins, age 22. *No. 115 [sic] Lewis Ketchum, age 52. *No. 156 Elizabeth Z. Ketchum, age 31, with children No. 157 Mary L. Ketchum ,age 20, No. 158 Jane Ketchum, age 17, No. 159 Barbara Ketchum ,age 16, No. 160 Simon Ketchum, age 12, No. 161 Silas Ketchum, age 10, No. 162 Lucinda Ketchum, age 8, and No. 163 Solomon Ketchum, age 5. *No. 47 John W. Ketchum, age 24. *No. 177 Mary E. Ketchum, age 21. *No. 205 Sarah Ann Ketchum, age 40. *No. 69 Harriet Moses, age 24. *No. 139 Mary Staggers, child of ?? *No. 70 Betsey Marshall, age 66. [Mother of Anna and Rosanna Grinter, widow of William Marshall]. *No. 72 Sarah Ann Rankin, age 30 with children No. 73 Alice Rankin age 9, No. 1048 Sally Rankin age 5, and Verity P. Hamilton age 2 months. *No. 144 Ellen Swisher, age 24 with children No. 145 Mary P. Swisher, age 6, No. 320 James H. Swisher, age 5. John S. Swisher, age 2, and Rosalie Swisher, age 3 months. *No. 173 Melinda Wilcoxen, age 36 with children No. 174 Lucinda Wilcoxen, age 14 and Emmet Wilcoxen, age 1. *No. 134 Betsey Zigler, age 54 with children No. 135 Henry Zigler, age 17, No. 136 Charles Zigler age, 14, and No. 138 Solomon Everett child of ??, age 19. *No. 140 Logan Zigler, age 40. *No. 141 Sophia Zigler, age 32, with children John Zigler, age 4 and Emily Zigler, 2. *No. 146 George Zigler, age 24 with child Rachel, age 2. *No. 77 William Adams, age 34 with children Rachel C. Adams, age 2 and Horace M. Adams age, 11 months. *No. 119 Mary Tiblow Stevenson, age 17 with child Rosanna Stevenson, age 1. *No. 117 Mary Ann Tiblow, age 35 with children No. 118 Virginia A. Tiblow, age 19, No. 120 Richard W. C. Tiblow, age 12, No. 276 Francis O. Tiblow, female, age 14, Charles Tiblow, and Nancy Jane Tiblow. *No. 24 Nannie M. Pratt, age 24 with children No. 25 Lavonia I. Pratt, age 6, Ella May Pratt, age 4, and Ida Florence Pratt, age 2. ==Dawes== https://classroom.synonym.com/the-life-of-a-homesteader-12079419.html The Dawes Act By the 1880s, much of the western "frontier" had been settled, but thousands of people were still interested in migrating west for new opportunities. At the same time, Native American reservations, which dominated Oklahoma and much of the northern Rocky Mountain west, were viewed as corrupt, unsanitary and untenable disasters. Congress devised a solution to both the "Indian problem" and settlers' continued desire for land through the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. The Dawes Act, which fit into the larger government goal of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream society, divided existing reservations into individual allotments of 40 to 160 acres of land. Native American male heads of household were assigned these allotments in trust. If they farmed their land successfully, they would gain complete ownership and U.S. citizenship after 25 years. Land that went unassigned was sold to land-hungry whites. Life Under the Dawes Act The lands allotted to Native American men were typically unsuitable for farming, arid and too small for raising livestock, especially for people unaccustomed to independent agriculture. Thus, Native people struggled to build successful lives on their new allotments. By 1891, the law was amended to allow Native Americans to lease their lands, and by 1907 they could sell them -- which many frustrated or cash-strapped Native Americans did. Moreover, in 1909, the U.S. government passed additional legislation that required government agents to determine Native American "competency" before turning over the 25-year trust -- often, agents simply reclaimed the land. All of these factors coalesced to strip Native people of their lands: While Native American held 155 million acres in 1881, they held just 77 million in 1900, and a mere 48 million by 1934. ----- ==Listing== *'''This entry and all other entries regarding genealogy and family history do not contain the names or data on any living person without his or her request and or permission.''' *'''Last Name - 1862 Allotment - WikiTree Link (as of Nov 2019 update)''' *Adams 77. William Adams, Age 34 *AHaLeMaLeMon 224. A ha le ma le mon, age 28, **W/2 SW/4, 19-11-24 , 80 acres *AhHaLaNahQueNow 233. Ah ha la nah que now, age 28, **E/2 NW/4, 19-11-24 , 80 acres *AhQualPeNow 214. Ah qual pe now, age 21, **W/2 NW/4, 5-11-24, 54.65 acres and **W/2 E/2 NE/4, 1-11-23, 26.78 acres [total 81.43 acres *Armstrong 886. Jenny Armstrong, **E/2 NW/4, 17-11-24, 80 acres *ArSarKeeParKeNo 356. Ar sar kee par ke no, age 19, **W/2 SW/4, 16-11-24 , 80 acres *Beaver 30. Mun da la qua (Susan Beaver), age 7, **NE/4 SW/4, 9-11-24, 40 acres and **Lot 5 SE/4, 9-11-24, 48.8 acres [88.08 acres] *Beaver 31. Oh how da pee ton (Mary Jane Beaver), age 3, **E/2 SE/4, 7-11-24, 80 acres *Beaver 32. Louisa Beaver, age 25, E/2 NE/4 18-11-24 *Beaver 33. Ne con se pa kee now [Virginia Beaver], age 5 months, **SE/4 NW/4 , 9-11-24 5 months and **Lot 4 NE/4, 9-11-24, 48.42 acres [total 88.42 acres] *Block 321. Doctor Block, age 39, **W/2 NW/4, 17-11-24 , 80 acres *Block 322. Eliza Block, age 32, **W/2 SW/4, 17-11-24, 80 acres *Brown 223. Jim Brown, age 27, **W/2 SW/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres *Collins 115. George Collins, Age 22 *Cook 122. Nancy Cook, age 50, **W/2 NE/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres *Davis 273. Wa le car pi [Gustavus Davis], age 23, **E/2 SW/4, 31-10-24, 80 acres *Defries 3. Anna E. Defries [1866], Daughter of Edward Defries and Mary Jane (Grinter) Defries **W/2 SW/4, 4-11-24, **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Defries-89 *DeFries 894. William DeFries, Age 5 Son of Audley Paul Defries and Mary Jane (Grinter) Defries **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Defries-93 *Delaware 53 . John Delaware (gone south), age 38, **E/2 NE/4 , 19-11-24, 80 acres *Delaware 54. Jane Delaware [Wil la no oh qua?] (gone south), age 38, **W/2 NW/4, 20-11-24, 80 acres *Edgar 908. Martha Edgar , age 32, **W/2 SW/4 , 20-11-24, 80 acres *Edgar 909. Eliza Edgar, age 12, **E/ 2 SE/4 , 19-11-24, 80 acres *EsPeLunGoNoWha 282. Es pe lun go no wha, age 4, **E/2 SE/4, 18-11-24, 80 acres *Everett 138. Solomon Everett, Age 19 *Fish 71. Eliza Jane Fish, age 28, Daughter of Arch Fish and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish **Lot 4 NE/4, 21-11-24, 49.30 acres and **SE/4 NW/4, 21-11-24, 40 acres [total 89.30 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fish-434 ****'''I think this is a mistake and should be [Marshall] Grinter''' ****Fish 274. Mary Ann Fish, age 35, Arch Fish and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish *****W/2 NW/4, 30-11-24 , 80 acres *****https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fish-4835 *Fish 359. Quaf ti lease Longbone [Nancy Fish), age 32 [dead], **W/2 SE/4, 17-11-24, 80 acres *George 272. John George, age 1 month, **SW/4 NE/4, 31-10-24, 40 acres and **NW/4 SE/4 , 31-10-24, 40 acres [total 80 acres] *Grinter 8. Nannie H. Grinter [1866], **W/2 NE/4, 8-11-24 [previously owned by Hester Ketchum, daughter of James Ketchum] and Francis Catherine Grinter Daughter of John Carter Grinter and Francis Catherine Grinter **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-286 *Grinter 9. Edward Grinter [1866], Son of John Carter Grinter and Francis Catherine Grinter **N/2 W/2 NE/4, 17-11-24 and N/2 E/2 NE/4, 17-11-24 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-143 *Grinter 13. Cunningham Grinter [1866], Son of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **NW/4 NE/4, 29-11-24 and E/2 E/2 NE/4 , 20-11-24 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-70 *Grinter 22. Flora Grinter [1866], Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 NE/4, 8-11-24 daughter of Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-54 *Grinter 37. Juliet Grinter , age 11, Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 NE/4, 36-11-23, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-48 *Grinter 38. Henrietta Grinter, age 10, Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 NE/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-49 *Grinter 39. Maria Jane Grinter, age 8, Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 NW/4, 29-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-45 *Grinter 40. Sarah F. Grinter, age 4, Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **W/2 SW/4 , 29-11-24 , 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-50 *Grinter 41. Mary Belle Grinter, age 4, Daughter of James Cunningham Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **NE/4 SW/4, 29-11-24, 40 acres and **Lot 5 SW/4, 29-11-24, 38.20 acres [total 78.2 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-51 *Grinter 42. James A. Grinter, age 1, Son of Moses Read Grinter and Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 SE/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-52 *Grinter 78. Frances C. Grinter, age 27, Daughter of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **W/2 SE/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-62 *Grinter 79. Mary E., age 10, Daughter of John Carter Grinter and Francis Catherine Grinter **E/2 SE/4 , 8-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-245 *Grinter 80. John W. Grinter, age 1, Son of John Carter Grinter and Francis Catherine Grinter **E/2 SW/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-285 *Grinter 125. Mary Jane [Grinter] Defries, age 24, Daughter of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 SE/4, 17-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-61 *Grinter 128. William Henry [H.] Grinter, age 25, Son of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **E/2 SW/4, 20-11-24, 80acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-64 *Grinter 129. Martha V. Grinter, age 9, Son of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **Lots 2 & 3 NE/4, 29-11-24, 78.70 acres and **Lot 4 NW/4, 28-11-24, 5 acres [total 83.70 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-70 *Grinter 942. Francis H. Grinter, Son of Moses Read Grinter and Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter **Lot 2 SW/4, 30-10-23, 7.27 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-71 *Haff 279. Abram Haff, age 30, **W/2 SW/4, 5-11-24 , 80 acres *Honeywell 111. Sally Honeywell, Age 36, Daughter of [father?] and EcheLangoNaOckwe Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-956 *Honeywell 112. Elizabeth Honeywell, Age 12, Daughter of William Honeywell and Sarah (Owl) Honeywell **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Honeywell-119 *Honeywell 113. Susan Honeywell, Age 9, Daughter of William Honeywell and Sarah (Owl) Honeywell **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Honeywell-121 *Honeywell 114. William Honeywell, Age 5, Son of William Honeywell and Sarah (Owl) Honeywell **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Honeywell-122 *Jacobs 220. Martha Jacobs, age 6, **E/2 NW/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres *Journeycake 6. Angline Jonneycake, age 10, **W/2 SW4, 33-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Journeycake-22 *Journeycake 12. Robert Jordan Johnnecake, age 20, **W/2 SW/4, 6-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Journeycake-19 *Journeycake 13. Rachel Johnnecake, age 16, Daughter of Charles Journeycake and Jane (Socia) Journeycake **E/2 SW/4, 6-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Journeycake-6 *Journeycake 24. Nannie Journeycake, Age 24, Daughter of Charles Journeycake and Jane (Socia) Journeycake **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Journeycake-5 *Ketchum 47. John Ketchum, Age 24, Son of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-393 *Ketchum 70. WiLaQueNaHo "Betsy" Marshall, age 65, Daughter of [father?] and EcheLangoNaOckwe Ketchum **Lot 6 SW/4, 21-11-24, 56.30 acres and **Lot 5 SE/4, 21-11-24, 41.65 acres [total 97.95 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-24 *Ketchum 149. Elizabeth Ketchum, age 16, Daughter of Jacob Ketchum and Nancy A (John) Ketchum **Lot 4 SE/4, 4-11-24, 49.02 acres and **NE/4 NW/4 , 4-11-24, 40 acres [total 89.02 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-406 *Ketchum 155. Lewis Ketchum, age 50, Son of KaKeeWha Ketchum and Lucy (Unknown) Ketchum **E/2 SW/4, 32-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-268 *Ketchum 157. Mary Ketchum, Age 20, Daughter of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-396 *Ketchum 158. Jane Ketchum, Age 17, Daughter of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-269 *Ketchum 159. Barbara Ketchum, Age 16, Daughter of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-398 *Ketchum 160. Simon Ketchum, Age 12, Son of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-399 *Ketchum 161. Silas Ketchum, Age 10 , Son of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-947 *Ketchum 162. Lucinda Ketchum, Age 8, Daughter of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-400 *Ketchum 163. Solomon Ketchum, age 2, Son of Lewis Ketchum and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Ketchum **W/2 SE/4, 32-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-401 *Ketchum 167. Sarah E. Ketchum [Daughter of Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape and William Riley Ketchum) **W/2 SW/4, 4-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-952 *Ketchum 168. Nancy Ketchum, age 13, daughter of Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape Daughter of William Riley Ketchum and Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape **E/2 SE/4, 5-11-24 , 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-416 *Ketchum 169. Joel Ketchum, age 10, Son of William Riley Ketchum and Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape **E/2 NE/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-417 *Ketchum 170. Caroline Ketchum, age 8, Daughter of William Riley Ketchum and Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape **W/2 NW/4, 4-11-24, 52.81 acres and **E/2 NE/4, 5-11-24, 27.25 acres [total 80.06 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-418 *Ketchum 171. Absolom Ketchum, age 6, Son of William Riley Ketchum and Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape **W/2 NW/4, 9-11-24,80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-419 *Ketchum 172. Henry Clay Ketchum, age 3, Son of William Riley Ketchum and Aup-hee-le-qua (Unknown) Lenape **W/2 NE/4, 5-11-24, 54.50 acres and **W/2 E/2 NE/4, 5-11-24, 27.25 acres [total 81.75 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-420 *Ketchum 173. Melinda Wilcoxen, age 34, Daughter of [father?] and EcheLangoNaOckwe Ketchum **Lots 3 & 4 NE/4, 16-11-24 , 95.93 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-957 *Ketchum 175. James Ketchum [Reverend], age 44, son of TweHulLahLah Ketchum and Sara H (Unknown) Ketchum **E/2 NW/4, 5-11-24, 64.65 acres and **Lots 7 & 8 NE?/4 , 18-10-24, 21.70 acres [total 76.35 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-391 *Ketchum 177. Mary Ketchum, age 7, Daughter of James Ketchum and Loa-tao-o-qua (Unknown) Ketchum **W/2 SE/4, 5-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-409 *Ketchum 178. Hester Ketchum [after 1866, Nannie H. Grinter], age 13, **W /2 NE/4, 8-11-24 , 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-407 *Ketchum 181. Amanda Ketchum, age 3, Daughter of James Ketchum and Loa-tao-o-qua (Unknown) Ketchum **E/2 SE/4, 31-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-411 *Ketchum 182. Charles Ketchum, age 17, Son of Charles Ketchum Sr. and Ahpamundaqua (Journeycake) Ketchum **E/2 SW/4, 5-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-403 *Ketchum 188. George Ketchum, age 75, son of Son of TweHulLahLah Ketchum and [mother?] **Lot 3 SE/4, 4-11-24, 49.02 acres and **SE/4 SW/4, 4-11-24, 40 acres [total 89.02 acres] ** https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-429 *Ketchum 189. Mary Ketchum, age 48, Daughter of [father?] and Lucy (Unknown) Ketchum **Lot 3 NE/4, 9-11-24, 48.83 acres and **NE/4 NW/4, 9-11-24, 40 acres [total 88.93 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-389 *Ketchum 205. Sarah Ketchum, Age 40 *KeWeeShe 278. Ke wee she, **W/2 SW/4, 7-11-24, 80 acres *KuchQueCumUn 283. Kuch que cum un, age 2, **W/2 SE/4, 18-11-24, 80 acres, 80 acres *Lo a tow oh qua 176. Lo a tow oh qua [Mrs. James Ketchum], age 39, Daughter of [father?] and [mother?] **W/2 SW/4 32-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Unknown-296880 *Longbone 94. Longbone, age 58, **W/2 SW/4, 9-11-24, 80 acres *Longbone 95. Mary Longbone, age 48, **W/2 NW/4, 16-11-24, 80 acres *Longbone 355. Par tet Longbone, age 17, **E/2 SW/4, 16-11-24, 80 acres *Longbone 360. Pa mo hah Longbone, age 4, **E/2 SW/4, 17-11-24 , 80 acres *Lucas 929. Rebecca Lucas, age 60, **W/2 NE/4, 17-11-24 , 80 acres *ManKaNoWha 281. Man ka no wha, age 6, **W/2 NE/4, 18-11-24, 80 acres *Marshall 36. Rosanna Marshall, Age 37, Daughter of William Henry Marshall and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-1245 *Marshall 43. Annie Marshall [dead] age 8, Daughter of John M Marshall and Lucinda Llewellyn **Lots 5 & 6 SE/4, 36-11-23, 77.60 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-18090 *Marshall 127. Annie [Marshall] Grinter, age 45, Daughter of William Henry Marshall and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish **Lots 7 & 8 SW/4, 21-11-24, 78.?? acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Grinter-288 *Marshall 131. Rosanna Marshall [John’s daughter], age 10, Daughter of John M Marshall and Lucinda Llewellyn **E/2 SE/4 , 20-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-18088 *Marshall 132. John Marshall [son of John], age 9, Son of John M Marshall and Lucinda Llewellyn **W/2 SE/4 , 20-11-24,80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-18091 *Marshall 333. William H Marshall, age 10, Son of John M Marshall and Lucinda Llewellyn **E/2 NW/4, 19-10-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-18089 *Marshall 344. Polly Marshall , age 3, Daughter of John M Marshall and Lucinda Llewellyn **W/2 NE/4, 19-10-24 , 90 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-18092 *Marshall 928. Lucinda Marshall, age 35, Daughter of [father?] and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish [Lucinda Llewellen??] **E/2 NE/4 , 17-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-1229 or https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Llewellyn-717 *NeLaTaQueNow 234. Ne la ta que now, age 35, **E/2 SW/4, 19-11-24 , 80 acres *OhWelLunNooxQua 398. Oh well lun noox qua, age 80, **W/2 SW/4, 31-10-24, 80 acres *PoMeNow 297. Po me now. age 60, **W/2 SE/4, 6-11-24,80 acres *Pratt 25. Lovonia Pratt, Age 4 *PuatePaCooWha 393. Puate pa coo wha, age 30 E/2 **SW/4, 18-11-24, 80 acres *Qua lup pa pa na qua 29. Qua lup pa pa na qua, age 60, **E/2 NW/4, 16-11-24, 80 acres *QuaTaCheHease 361 Qua ta che hease, age 48, **E/2 NW/4 , 7-11-24 , 80 acres *Raccoon 211. Big Raccoon (dead), age 48, Son of [father?] and [mother?] **E/2 SE/4, 6-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Raccoon-1 *Raccoon 212. Sally Raccoon , age 40, **E/2 NE/4, 6-11-24, 54.62 acres and Daughter of Tahleeockwhe Ketchum and [mother?] **E/2 W/2 NE/4, 6-11-24, 27.31 acres [total 81.93 acres] **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ketchum-958 *Rankin 72. Sarah Ann Rankin, age 30, Daughter of Arch Fish and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish **E/2 SW/4, 20-10-23, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Fish-412 *Rankin 73. Alice Rankin, age 6, Daughter of Samuel W Rankin and Sarah Ann (Fish) Rankin **W/2 SW/4 , 20-10-23, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rankin-4738 *Rankin 1048. Sally Rankin, Age 5 Daughter of Samuel W Rankin and Sarah Ann (Fish) Rankin **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rankin-4739 *Rodgers 44. Mary Gillis Rodgers, age 36, **E/2 NW/4, 6-11-24, 54.32 acres and **W/2 W/2 NE/4, 6-11-24, 27.31 acres [total 81.63 acres] *Rodgers 45. Sophronia Rodgers, age 10, **W/2 NW/4, 6-11-24, 54.32 acres and **E/2 E/2 NE/4, 26.78 acres [total 81.10 acres] *Shawnee 887. John Shawnee, [41-46 apparently Shawnee?] **E/2 (half off) NE/, 20-11-24, 80 acres *Shawnee 888. Betsy Shawnee, **W/2 NE/4, 20-11-24, 80 acres *Shawnee 889. Susan Shawnee, **E/2 NW/4 , 20-11-24, 80 acres *Shawnee 891. Big Shawnee, **W/2 ,NW/4 , 21-11-24, 80 acres *Shawnee 892. Jane Shawnee, **NE/4 NW/4, 21-11-24, 40 acres and **Lot 3 NE/4, 21-11-24, 49 acres [total 89 acres] *Smith 10. Sally O. Smith, age 10, **Lot 5 NE/4 4-11-24, 49.02 acres and **SE/4 NW/4 , 4-11-24, 40 acres [total 89.2 acres] *Snake 324. Leonard Snake, age 64, **E/2 NE/4, 7-11-24, 80 acres *Snake 326. Sampson Snake, age 10, **E/2 SW/4 , 7-11-24, 80 acres *Staggers 139. Mary Staggers, Age 14 *Swisher 145. Mary Swisher, Age 6, Daughter of Samuel Swisher and Ellen Zeigler **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Swisher-878 *Swisher 320. James Swisher, Age 5, Son of Samuel Swisher and Ellen Zeigler **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Swisher-879 *Tiblow 116. Henry Tiblow, age 40, **Lots 2 & 3 NE/4. 31-11-24, 75.10 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-1 *Tiblow 117. Mary A. [Marshall] Tiblow, age 35, Daughter of William Henry Marshall and WiLaQueNaHo Betsy (Ketchum) Fish **E/2 NW/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres **117. Mary A. [Marshall] Tiblow, age 35, E/2 NW/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Marshall-1219 *Tiblow 118. Virginia Tiblow, age 13, **W/2 NW/4, 31-11-24,80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-10 Daughter of Henry Tiblow and Mary Ann Marshall *Tiblow 119. Mary C. Tiblow, age 11, Daughter of Henry Tiblow and Mary Ann Marshall **E/2 NW/4, 31-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-4 *Tiblow 120. Francis O Tiblow, Age 12, Daughter of Henry Tiblow and Mary Ann Marshall **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-9 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-3 *Tiblow 121. Nathan Tiblow (deceased), age 8 months, Son of Henry Tiblow and Mary Ann Marshall **W/2 SW/4, 30-11-24, acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-11 *Tiblow 276. Francis O Tiblow, age 8, Daughter of Henry Tiblow and Mary Ann Marshall '''[Dup??]''' Elisa??? **W/2 NE/4 , 31-11-24, 80 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-9 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-3 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Tiblow-5 *ToHaLeNoOhQua 225. To ha le no oh qua, age 10, **W/2 NW/4, 19-11-24, 80 acres *TonQuaChuch 859. Ton qua chuch, age 26, age 26, **W/2 SW/4, 18-11-24 *TucKeeLunGoNarQua 280. Tuc kee lun go nar qua, age 28, **W/2 SE/4, 7-11-24 , 80 acres *TweShoQuoHe 219. Twe sho quo he [Que she qua he], age 45, **W/2 NW/4, 8-11-24, 80 acres *WaLunDaKohOhQua 296. Wa lun da koh oh qua, age 54, **W/2 NE/4, 7-11-24 , 80 acres *Washington 264. John Washington, age 7, **W/2 NW/4, 18-11-24 ,80 acres *Washington 362. Robert Washington, **E/2 NW/4 18-11-24, 80 acres *White 890. John White, **E/2 NW/4, 30-11-24, 80 acres *Wilcoxen 55. Emmet Wilcoxen [1866], Son of Oscar Wilcoxen and AquamDeGeOckwe Ketchum **E/2 SE/4, 5-11-24 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Wilcoxen-156 *Wilcoxen 174. Lucinda Wilcoxen, age 11, Son of Oscar Wilcoxen and AquamDeGeOckwe Ketchum **Lots 5 & 6 SE/4 , 16-11-24. 97.66 acres **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Wilcoxen-157 *Wildcat 35. Nancy Wildcat Lot, age 16, **Lot 6 SE/4 , 9-11-2, 47.70 acres and **SE/4 SW/4, 9-11-24, 24.40 acres [total 72.1 acres] *Zeigler 69. Harriet Zeigler, Age 24, Daughter of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-688 *Zeigler 134. Betsey Zeigler, Age 54 **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-216 *Zeigler 141. Sophia Zeigler, Age 32 *Zeigler 144. Ellen Zeigler, Age ?, Daughter of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-686 *Zeigler 146. George Zeigler, Age 24, Son of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-684 *Zeigler 156. Elizabeth Z. Ketchum, age 31, **E/2 SE/4, 32-10-24, 80 acres *Zeigler 135. Henry Zeigler, Age 17, Son of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-685 *Zeigler 136. Charles Zeigler, Age 14, Son of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-687 *Zeigler 140. Logan Zeigler, Age 40, Son of Philip Zeigler and Elizabeth Betsy Taylor **https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Zeigler-689 ==DATA== *Alphabetical Listing of Delaware Who Remained in Kansas in 1866 '''The numbers are 1862 Allotment Numbers.''' *ADAMS, William-- No. 77 age 34, with children Rachel C. Adams age 2 and Horace M. Adams age 11 months. *COLLINS, George--No.115 age 22. *DEFRIES, Mary Jane--No. 125 age 2 with children William Defries No. 894 age 5 and Elizabeth Defries 2. *FISH, Eliza Jane--No. 71 age 28. *GRINTER, Anna--No. 127 age 45. *GRINTER, Frances C.--No. 78 age 27 with children Mary L. Grinter No. 79 age 10, John W. Grinter No. 80 age 7, Nannie H. Grinter age 5, and Edward E. Grinter age 2 *GRINTER, Rosanna--No. 36, age 37 with children Juliet Grinter No. 37 age 16, Henrietta F. Grinter No. 38 age 15, Marie Jane Grinter No. 39 age 13, Sarah Frances Grinter No. 40 age 11, Mary Bell Grinter No. 41 age 9, and James W. Grinter age 7, Elizabeth Grinter age 3, and Flora Grinter 15 months. *GRINTER, William H.--No. 128 age 25 with children No. 79 Martha Grinter age 9 and Cunningham Grinter age 2. *HONEYWELL, Sally--No. 111 age 36 with children Eli M. Honeywell No. 112 age 12, Susan T. Honeywell No. 112 age 9, William Honeywell No. 114 age 5, and John Honeywell age 3. *KETCHUM, Elizabeth Z.--(Spouse of No. 155 Lewis Ketchum). No. 156 age 31. *KETCHUM, John W.-- No. 47 age 24. *KETCHUM, Lewis--No. 155 age 52 with children Mary L. Ketchum No. 157 age 20, Jane Ketchum No. 158 age 17, Barbara Ketchum No. 159 age 16, Simon Ketchum No. 160 age 12, Silas Ketchum No. 161 age 10, Lucinda Ketchum No. 162 age 8, and Solomon Ketchum No. 163 age 5. *KETCHUM, Mary E.--No. 177 age 21. *KETCHUM, Sarah Ann--No. 205 age 40. *MARSHALL, Betsey--No. 70 age 66. *MOSES, Harriet--No. 69 age 24 with child Mary Staggers No. 139 age 14. *PRATT, Nannie M.--No. 24 age 24 with children Lavonia I. Pratt No. 25 age 4, Ella May Pratt age 6, and Ida Flora Pratt age 2. *RANKIN, Sarah Ann--No. 72 age 30 with children Alice Rankin No.73 age 9, Sally Rankin age 5, and daughter Verity P. Hamilton age 2 months. *STEVENSON, Mary Tiblow--No. 119 age 17 with child Rosanna Stevenson age 1. *SWISHER, Ellen--No. 144 age 24 with children Mary P. Swisher No. 145 age 6, James H. Swisher No. 320 age 5, John S. Swisher age 2, and Rosalie Swisher age 3 months. *TIBLOW, Mary Ann--No. 117 age 35 with children Virginia A. Tiblow No. 118 age 12, Richard W. C. *Tiblow No. 120 age 12, female Francis O. Tiblow No. 276 age 14, Charles Tiblow, and Nancy Jane Tiblow. *WILCOXEN, Melinda-- No. 173 age 36 with children Lucinda Wilcoxen No. 174 age 14 and Emmet Wilcoxen age 1. *ZIGLER, Betsey--No. 134 age 54 with children Henry Zigler No. 135 age 17, Charles Zigler No. 136 age 14, and Solomon Everett age 19. *ZIGLER, George --No. 146 age 24 with child Rachel Zigler age 2 months. *ZIGLER, Logan--No. 140. *ZIGLER, Sophia--No. 141 with children John Zigler age 4 and Emily Zigler age 2. ----- '''Listing of Delaware Who Remained in Kansas by 1862 Allotment Numbers''' *No. 24--Nannie Pratt *No. 25--Lavonia T. Pratt *No. 36--Rosanna Grinter *No. 37--Juliet Grinter *No. 38--Marie Jane Grinter *No. 39--Mary Jane Grinter *No. 40--Mary Bell Grinter *No. 41--James W. G. *No. 47--John W. Ketchum *No. 69--Harriet Moses *No. 70--Betsey Marshall *No. 71--Elza Jane Fish *No. 72--Sarah Ann Rankin *No. 73--Alice Rankin *No. 77--Williams Adams *No. 78--France C. Grinter *No. 79--John W. Grinter *No. 80--Nannie H. Grinter *No. 111--Sally Honeywell *No. 112--Eli M. Honeywell *No. 113--Susan T. Honeywell *No. 114--William Honeywell *No. 115--George O. Collins *No. 117--Mary Ann Tiblow *No. 118--Virginia A. Tiblow *No. 119--Mary Tiblow Stevenson *No. 120--Francis O. Tiblow *No. 125--Mary Jane Defries *No. 127--Anna Grinter *No. 128--William H. Grinter *No. 129--Cunningham Grinter *No. 134--Betsey Zigler *No. 135--Henry Zigler *No. 136--Charles Zigler *No. 138--Solomon Everett *No. 139--Mary Staggers *No. 141--Sophia Zigler *No. 144--Ellen Swisher *No. 145--Mary Swisher *No. 146--George Zigler *No. 155--Lewis Ketchum *No. 156--Elizabeth Z. Ketchum *No. 157--Mary L. Ketchum *No 158--Jame Ketchum *No. 159--Barbara Ketchum *No. 160--Simon Ketchum *No. 161--Silas Ketchum *No. 162--Lucinda Ketchum *No. 163--Solomon Ketchum *No. 173--Malinda Wilcoxen *No. 174--Lucinda Wilcoxen *No. 177--Mary E. Ketchum *No. 205--Sarah Ketchum *No. 276--Francis O. Tiblow *No. 320--James H. Swisher *No. 894--Elizabeth Defries *No. 1048--Sally Rankin ------ '''Annotated List of Delaware Remaining in Kansas in 1866 by Allotment Number''' This entry and all other entries regarding genealogy and family history do not contain the names or data on any living person without his or her request and or permission. The numbers appearing with the names are the 1862 Allotment Numbers. The Dawes Number is the 1898 Dawes Commission Roll Number. The 1904 Census is the 1904 Cherokee Census. The first line of each entry is in the public domain. Those with the Dawes Number and/or the 1904 Cherokee Census generally indicate those persons who chose to go to Indian Territory later. *No. 125 Mary Jane Defries age 24 with children William Defries No. 894 age 5 and Elizabeth Defries age 2. [Mary Jane Defries is the daughter of Anna (Marshall) Grinter No. 127 in this listing and Moses Read Grinter.] See Mary Jane Defries in the Defries Family under Family History. Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn *No. 71 Eliza Jane Fish, age 28. [Eliza Jane Fish is the daughter of Betsy Wilaquenaho (whom see below under No. 70) and possibly ________ Fish. Researchers: swiftwater@lenapedelawarehistory.net and Vickie Wilkins *No. 78 Frances C. Grinter, female, age 27, with children No. 79 Mary L. Grinter, age 10; No. 80 John W. Grinter, age 7; Nannie H. Grinter, age 5; and Edward E. Grinter, age 2. [Frances Grinter is the daughter of Anna Grinter No. 127.] See Frances Grinter in the Marshall Family under Family History. Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn *No. 127 Anna Grinter, age 45. [Anna nee Marshall Grinter is the daughter of Betsy Wilaquenaho (whom see below under No. 70) and William H. Marshall.] See Anna Mars hall in the Marshall Family under Family History. Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn *No. 128 William H. Grinter, age 25; No. 129 Martha Grinter, age 9; and, Cunningham Grinter, age 2. [William Henry Harrison Grinter was the son of Anna (Marshall) Grinter No. 127) and Moses Read Grinter. He was born 1 Nov. 1841 in Wyandotte Co., KS and died in a hunting accident in Missouri.] See the Grinter Family under Family History. Martin Weeks *No. 36 Rosanna Grinter, age 37, with children No. 37 Juliet Marshall, age 16; No. 38 Henrietta F. Grinter, age 15; No. 39 Marie Jane Grinter, age 13; No. 40 Sarah Frances Grinter age 11; No. 41 Mary Bell Grinter, age 9; James W. Grinter, age 7; Elizabeth Grinter, age 3; and, Flora Grinter, age 15 months. [Rosanna Grinter is the daughter of No. 70 Betsy Wilaquenaho and William H. Marshall.] See the Grinter Family under Family History. . Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn and Vickie Wilkins *No. 111 Sally Honeywell, age 36 with children No. 112 Eli M. Honeywell, age 12; No. 113 Susan T. Honeywell, age 9; No. 114 William Honeywell, age 5; and John Honeywell, age 3. See The Honeywell Family in Family History *No. 115 George O. Collins, age 22. *No. 155 Lewis Ketchum, age 52. See Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware. [He later went to Oklahoma and became a member of the Delaware Tribe of Indians.] Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn *No. 156 Elizabeth Z. Ketchum, age 31, with children No. 157 Mary L. Ketchum, age 20; No. 158 Jane Ketchum, age 17; No. 159 Barbara Ketchum, age 16; No. 160 Simon Ketchum, age 12, No. 161 Silas Ketchum, age 10, No. 162 Lucinda Ketchum, age 8, and No. 163 Solomon Ketchum, age 5. [Elizabeth (nee Ziegler) Ketchum was the first wife of Lewis W. Ketchum No. 115. ] See Taylor, Elizabeth in Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware. Researchers: Swiftwater Hahn and Vickie Wilkins] *No. 47 John W. Ketchum, age 24. [John W. Ketchum is the son of Lemuel Ketchum.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins *No. 177 Mary E. Ketchum, age 21. [Mary E. Ketchum is the daughter of James Ketchum.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins ] *No. 205 Sarah Ann Ketchum, age 40. [Sarah Ann Ketchum is the daughter of David B. Ketchum.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins *No. 69 Harriet Moses, age 24. [Harriet Moses is the wife of Samuel Moses.] See Taylor, Betsy in Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware ] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins *No. 139 Mary Staggers, age 14. [Mary Staggers may not be the daughter of Betsy Zigler No. 104 as we previously thought. We are working on this. Who were her parents, then?] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins and Swiftwater Hahn *No. 70 Betsy Marshall, age 66. Also known as Wilaquenaho. Mother of No. 127 Anna Grinter and No. 36 Rosanna Grinter. See Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware. Researchers Swiftwater Hahn and Vickie Wilkins *No. 72 Sarah Ann Rankin, age 30, with children No. 173 Alice Rankin, age 9; No. 1048 Sally Rankin, age 5; and Verity P. Hamilton, age 2 months. See Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware, *No. 144 [Mary] Ellen Swisher, age 24 with children No. 145 Mary P. Swisher, age 6; No. 320 James H. Swisher, age 5; John S. Swisher, age 2; and Rosalie Swisher, age 3 months. *No. 173 Melinda Wilcoxen, age 36 with children No. 174 Lucinda Wilcoxen, age 14; and No. 174 Emmet Wilcoxen, age 1. Melinda was the wife of Rezin Wilcoxen. See Melinda Wilcoxen in Biographies of Selected Lenape-Delaware. *No. 134 Betsey Zigler, age 54 with children No. 135 Henry Zigler, age 17 and No. 136 Charles Zigler, age 14. See Taylor, Elizabeth (Betsy) in Biographies of Lenape-Delaware. Researcher Vickie Wilkins *No. 138 Solomon Everett, age 19. [Solomon Everett may not be the son of Logan Zigler No. 140 as we previously thought.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins and Swiftwater Hahn *No. 140 Logan Zigler, age 40, [and spouse, next as No. 141 Sophia Zigler]. [Logan Zigler was born in St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., MO or Stone County, MO, 3 April 1825. He settled In Wyandotte Co., and was the oldest in 1879 he was the oldest inhabitant of Leavenworth Co., KS. (Gleed, Charles S., ed., Kansas Memorial, A Report of the Old Settlers' Meeting Held at Bismark Grove, Kansas, September 15th and 16th, 1879. Kansas City, 1879, p. 255. Logan was buried in the Delaware Cemetery near Eudora, Kansas.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins *No. 141 Sophia Zigler, age 32, with children John Zigler, age 4 and Emily Zigler, age 2. *No. 146 George Zigler, age 24 with child Rachel Zigler, age 2 months. [George Zigler is the son of Betsy Zigler No. 134.] Researcher: Vickie Wilkins *No. 77 William Adams, age 34 with children Rachel C. Adams, age 2 and Horace M. Adams, age 11 months. *No. 119 Mary Tiblow Stevenson, age 17 with child Rosanna Stevenson, age 1. *No. 117 Mary Ann Tiblow, age 35, with children No. 118 Virginia A. Tiblow, age 19; No. 120 Richard W. C. Tiblow, age 12; *No. 276 Francis O. Tiblow, age 14, Charles Tiblow, and Nancy Jane Tiblow. See Marshall, Mary Ann in the Marshall Family under Family History. *No. 24 Nannie M. Pratt, age 24 with children No. 25 Lavonia May Pratt, age 6; Ella May Pratt, age 4; and Ida Florence Pratt, age 2. [Nannie M. Pratt, Lavonia May Pratt, and Ella May Pratt later became members of the Delaware Tribe of Indians. Nannie May nee Journeycake Pratt was born 28 August 1843 and died 11 Oct. 1843, the daughter of Rev. Charles Journeycake and Jane Socia. Her spouse, Lucius Bolles Pratt was born 17 July 1841 at the Shawnee Baptist Mission in present Johnson Co., KS, the son of John Gill Pratt and Olivia Evans. Nannie Journeycake and Lucius Pratt were married 2 March 1860 at the Delaware Baptist Mission. He died 7 Sept. 1865. [Barry, The Beginning of the West, p. 433. Nannie was also married to Jacob H. Bartles, by whom she had children born in Oklahoma (Harry Roark, Charles Journeycake., pp. 98-99).] Researcher: Swiftwater Hahn ----- ==Family Lines== *'''Major Listing''' https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Ketchum-Descendants-666 *Subgroups (more exploded) **'''Walaquenaho''' https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Ketchum-Descendants-24 ***Anna Windagamen (Marshall) Grinter https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Marshall-Descendants-1216 ***Sarah (Ketchum) Owl https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Ketchum-Descendants-956 ***Mary Ann (Marshall) Tiblow https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Marshall-Descendants-1219 ***Rosanna (Marshall) Grinter https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Marshall-Descendants-1245 ***Sarah Ann (Fish) McCamish https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Fish-Descendants-412 **'''Ahpamundaqua (Journeycake) Ketchum''' https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Journeycake-Descendants-1 **'''Zeigler''' https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Taylor-Descendants-61872 ==Links== '''Kansas Delaware Homepage''' *http://kansasdelaware.org/ '''WikiTree Project link Trail of Tears''' *https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Trail_of_Tears *https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Native_Americans:_Trail_of_Tears '''A TRIBUTE BY THE KANSAS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES''' to THE KANSAS DELAWARE TRIBE OF INDIAN'S *http://lenapedelawarehistory.net/mirror/kansasdelaware.htm '''DELAWARE 1842 ROLL OR CENSUS WITHIN THE FORTH LEAVENWORTH AGENCY''' *http://lenapedelawarehistory.net/mirror/1842_roll.htm '''The Final Rolls, Cherokees by Blood, Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes''' in Indian Territory, Delaware Cherokees March. 1907 on the authority of an act approved by Congress on 21 June 21, 1906 *http://lenapedelawarehistory.net/mirror/delaware_rolls.htm '''Removal-history-of-the-delaware-tribe''' *http://delawaretribe.org/services-and-programs/historic-preservation/removal-history-of-the-delaware-tribe/ ==HELP== Right now this project just has one member, me. I am [[Fetterling-18|Kirt Fetterling]]. Here are some of the tasks that I think need to be done. I'll be working on them, and could use your help. *Sorting through a copy of this list and sorting via last name, First, Allotment number. We need to know how this person attaches to our tree. * Creation of non existent profiles adding this [[Category:1862_Allotment]] to the top of the profile before BIOGRAPHY. * Researching of individuals to attach them to our ONE TREE in WikiTree. Will you join me? Please post a comment here on this page, in [https://www.WikiTree.com/g2g G2G] using the project tag, or [https://www.WikiTree.com/index.php?title=Special:PrivateMessage&who=11522591 send me a private message]. Thanks!

[[Category:Native American Sources]] [[Category:Sources by Name]] [[Category:United States Census Records]] =1885 Census of Ponca in Dakota, Ponca Agency= *Enumerated on 1 July 1885 *Some members of the Ponca Tribe in Dakota **Dakota Territory existed from 1861 until statehood in 1889 *This is a transcription of the year 1885, other years accessible here (not transcribed): [[Space:Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940|Indian Census of the United States,1885-1940]] *Source Citation Example (replace the date accessed): ::[[Space:1885 Census of Ponca in Dakota, Ponca Agency|1885 Census of Ponca in Dakota, Ponca Agency]] Transcription by Joy Fisher at http://files.usgwarchives.net/na/ponca/census/1885/1885ponca.txt. Accessed 14 March 2018 *In-Line Citation example: :::[[#1885|1885 Census]] Line 22 [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:1885 Census of Ponca in Dakota, Ponca Agency|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== Online: *US GenWeb Archives: **Transcription by Joy Fisher from public records: http://files.usgwarchives.net/na/ponca/census/1885/1885ponca.txt **Index, abstracted by Joy Fisher: http://files.usgwarchives.net/na/ponca/census/1885/index.txt

[[Category:Native American Sources]] [[Category:Sources by Name]] =A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes= *Author: Helen Hunt Jackson *Published: Boston, Roberts Brothers, 1891 *Copyright 1885 *Source Citation example: :::Jackson, Helen Hunt. [[A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes|A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes]] (Boston, Roberts Brothers, 1891) *In-Line Citation example: :::[[#Jackson|Jackson]] page 33 *[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== *Online: **HathiTrust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011528924 (Full Text)

This is the former profile of “[[Cherokee-122|Redbird Brock]],” now maintained as a free-space page to preserve the former biography and sources. The original profile stated the he was born 8 December 1721 in Native American Tanisi Indian Territory Tennessee, died 2 October 1797, Clay County, Kentucky. Parents unknown, husband of [[Sizemore-1033|Susannah Caroline Sizemore]] and [[Sizemore-49|Rhoda Sizemore]], father of [[Brock-4339|Red Bird Brock II]], [[Brock-457|Mahala Susannah Brock Callahan]], [[Brock-288|Jesse James Brock]], [[Brock-3920|Mary Brock Osborne]], and [[Brock-645|James Calvin Brock]]. == Disputed History == Since its inception, this Profile has mushroomed to more than forty pages and has attracted much contentious scrutiny from various sources. The following paragraphs by Garrett-4589 are being retained to provide "tracks in the sand" regarding our thought processes ... as we attempt to summarize and give perspective on some of the issues being dealt with as this very complex Biography evolves. ...There is sufficient reliable documentation from many sources to confirm the existence of this Cherokee Chief Redbird, but there are several areas where known documentation is unavailable, inconclusive, contradictory, or even fictional. Most of these same issues were being hotly debated on the Internet at least as early as 2006.... Some of the issues: # WikiTree contains several separate profiles which appear to be the same person as 1st Redbird and are subject to mergers. Managers are working through the related issues which arise due to conflicts in data or poor quality of data in the un-merged profiles. '''(This work is complete as of 7/21/2017)''' # Another major issue is alignment/reconciliation of birth dates for parents/Redbird/children. Exact dates are not available... only ranges of birth dates. Lacking exact dates for several consecutive generations containing many children inevitably results in conflicts/conundrums often difficult, perhaps impossible to untangle and resolve. It seems unlikely that these issues will be easily resolved. No immediate action will be taken on any of this, to allow time for anyone having additional information or insight to come forward. # Some question whether Redbird and Aaron Brock are the same person, suggesting that Aaron Brock is perhaps a "myth". Others contend that they are indeed the same person having both a Cherokee name, Redbird, and a white man name, Aaron Brock. '''This is the perspective dominant in the present state of this Profile''' ... A reading of history indicates that many Cherokee did indeed adopt dual names. Lacking smoking gun evidence, this issue likely may not be resolved to every manager's satisfaction. # The biographical text below contained several duplications resulting from merges of several Profiles into this one place. Work is in progress to minimize duplicated information. # Excellent work by Jeanie Roberts '''makes the claimed husband/wife relationship between this Redbird and Susan Priber appear virtually untenable'''... '' Jeanie's work is based on analysis of existing biographical information in related WikiTree Profiles, and is summarized in "Disputed Biography" portion of [[Priber-6|Susan Priber's WikiTree Profile]]. Any and all interested parties having any other reliable documentation on this relationship should speak up.'' '''Based on recent new information, Redbird's Profile is being revised to remove spousal connection for Susan Priber, replaced by Findagrave information for Susan Caroline Sizemore. ''This Profile now incorporates this new information '''on provisional basis'''... The validity of the referenced Findagrave information is currently challenged. It is obvious that more research, study and documentation must be developed. Hopefully more documentation from claimed descendants will be forthcoming, and would be most helpful.'' Garrett-4589''' There is unacceptable conflict in birth dates for Redbird and claimed father Great Eagle. Their birth dates as shown are only one year apart. From inspection, the (guess/estimated??) birth dates now shown in WikiTree profiles... for Great Eagle, for his father, and for his grandfather... are all so nebulous and uncertain that the accumulated errors doubtfully can account for the unacceptably short gap now shown between Great Eagle's and Redbird's birth dates. Alternatively, '''Redbird may not be the son of Great Eagle. '''Lacking any verifiable documentation, the parents/son relationship claimed in this Profile are being disconnected. 11/01/2017 Garrett-4589'''' == Biography == '''The "Items" below are extracts from the several merged profiles now contained in this Profile. The original merged profile Bio was more than forty pages long, so only these few items are being retained ''(Warts and all !!!)'' in order to minimize duplication but still communicate some of the essence of this remarkable man who lived at the time when Tribal Cherokee culture was merging with the engulfing white culture.''' '''Item 1''' The name of Aaron Brock as father of Jesse Brock and his sister Mahala Susanna Brock Callahan was mentioned in two printed family histories: Since they are quite redundant, only one will be quoted here: ''Strong Family,'' by Mrs. J. C. Hurst, Lexington, KY, 1958. She wrote, citing absolutely no authority for the claims: : "The Strong family of Breathitt and Owsley Cos., KY, was established by William, who was born about the year 1768 in VA and died about the year 1848. He was married about the year 1790 to Jennie Callahan (commonly called Jane), who was born about the year 1779 and died about the year 1815. She was a daughter of Edward and Mahalah Brock Callahan. Mahalah was a daughter of AARON BROCK and a sister of JESSE BROCK, who lived in Harlan County. The Brocks were part Indian."Davi(d)son: The First Ten, the Second Ten, and Many Allied Families, by Charlotte Davison, Robbie Jean Davison; assisted by Mary Ruth Moffitt Stevens; published Braddyville, IA, by Violet Pence Apple, 1985; pp. 4-5. '''Item 2''' Chief RedBird Totsuwha aka Aaron Brock. Died: 10 Feb 1797 in Taluegue, Clay, Kentucky.Kenneth B Tankersley [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/ChiefRedBird-byKBTankersley.html RED BIRD (Dotsuwa) and the Cherokee History of Clay County, Kentucky], originally published in ''Appalachian Quarterly,'' 2006. NOTE: As of April 2019, the above-linked web page contains no information about the birth of Red Bird, nor does it include claims that he was the same as Aaron Brock. -- Jillaine : AARON BROCK (Sr.), "Chief Red Bird," is said to've been born 8 Dec 1721 in VA, though''' no source for the date can be found''' ~ the same birthday and month as his son JESSE BROCK. Jesse's Revolutionary Pension application gave his date and place of birth as 8 Dec 1751, Cumberland Co., VA. Perhaps someone confused the two. Cherokee did not keep track of birthdates, as Anglos do, but since Chief Red Bird (AARON) Sr. was''' part-white,''' he might have. Chief Red Bird (Aaron Sr.) was murdered 10 Feb 1797 in Taluegue, KY.All known records of Chief Red Bird are listed on Jerry Taylor's website on this page: [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockancestry/]Tankersley extracts original records about this death here: http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~brockfamily/genealogy/ChiefRedBird-byKBTankersley-3.html Nearly 200 years of '''oral tradition''' indicates Aaron Brock was the '''English name''' of Cherokee treaty-signer Chief Red Bird (Cherokee name Tsalagi' Ugvwiyuhi Totsu'hwa) for whom the Red Bird River was named. Part Cherokee, '''his parents' names cannot be proven, but circumstantial evidence suggests he was the "unknown son" of Chief Great Eagle and his wife Woman Ani'Wadi, since hereditary chiefs signed treaties, and they had a son whose name was not recorded.''' '''Red Bird was a treaty signer'''. One can easily follow the genealogy of treaty signers, descending from Amatoy Moytoy, to Moytoy, to Willenawah (Great Eagle), to Sister of Doublehead (Red Paint Clan), to Red Bird; and Wurteh Watts to Sequoyah. Treaty writers went out of their way to track down the most influential Cherokee leaders and kin of those who had signed previous treaties. Dr. Kenneth B. Tankersley was shown as a boy the burial place of Aaron Brock - Chief Red Bird by his great-grandmother Elizabeth Saylor Tankersley, who was shown by her grandmother Elizabeth Brock Saylor, the granddaughter of Jesse Brock's son James C., as a place to be cared for by their family, which has looked after his grave since the murder.http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/ChiefRedBird.html '''Item 3''' Red Bird spent a good deal of his time with his friend Will in the vicinity of two rock-shelters on the east and west banks of the Kentucky River, a stretch of the upper headwaters, known today as the Red Bird River in Spurlock. The opposing shelters are strategically located in a narrow constriction of the valley overlooking a shallow river crossing where game animals can be easily dispatched. Both shelters are well marked with traditional Cherokee symbols—engraved images of the Wild Potato, Bird, Wolf, and Deer clans. It was in this setting that Red Bird and Will were murdered, brutally and maliciously tomahawked to death by two men from Tennessee, Edward Miller, known as Ned, and John Livingston, known as Jackhttp://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/ChiefRedBird-byKBTankersley.html '''Item 4''' Redbird was referenced in Louis-Philippe’s Diary of My Travels in America in the following excerpt, around 1799 after the death of Chief Red Bird: "We must be fair: the whites’ systematic spoilation of the Indians has not even slowed. All the Indians’ neighbors are greedy for their Tennessee territories. The last treaty has aroused serious discontent among the whites, who would like a war with the Indians so a new treaty can strip them of the coveted lands. Four months ago the whites assassinated two Indians (one a chief called Red Bird), hoping the provocation would lead to reprisals and trigger a war. The Indians demanded the surrender of the murderers. This was refused on the pretext that they should not be yielded over to Indian torture, and that according to the treaty they must be judged by American law. The whites promised to conduct an investigation and have the murders punished, but it would seem that nothing of the sort was done. I heard one of the assassins identified, so it would not be hard to find them. In the meantime, as nothing was done, the Cherokees assassinated four whites, and as nothing was said, all has been calm since."http://ourtexasfamily.com/BrockWebSite/Brock_AaronSr_ChiefRedBird.html '''Item 5''' Red Bird River, S.E. Kentucky, named for Chief Red Bird. The boundary between Clay and Leslie Cos. follows in part the Red Bird River. Turkey track is the traditional symbol for the Bird clan (Ani-Tsisqua). Turkey is also the symbol of the trickster.
The rock exhibits symbols for all Cherokee clans. Photos courtesy of Tim Brock, May 2005


'''Item 6''' Aaron Brock's name as father of Jesse Brock and his sister Mahala Susanna Brock Callahan was mentioned in only one old printed family history (Strong Family, by Mrs. J. C. Hurst, Lexington, KY, 1958).
'''No evidence is cited for the name of his father to have been Reuben Brock''' (British soldier b. 1680), as found in a few genealogy databases on the Internet, nor that such a Reuben existed.
The mystery of where this Reuben theory came: '''Apparently it was a theory only of a researcher, then repeated as fact by others.'''
The Swiss/Germans Rudolph and John Michael Brack/Brock in Augusta Co., VA, had two grandsons named Reuben who served in the Revolution. It is likely one of them was mistaken for a candidate for the father of Aaron Brock, though they were born 150 years too late. See EARLIEST BROCKS IN VA.
Virginia colonists from England received land patents of 50 acres per man, plus 50 acres for persons they transported to Virginia. Bond servants received 50 acres when their 2-7 years of servitude were complete. All patents were preserved and are at the Library Virginia in Richmond, and none exists for Reuben Brock. Abstracts were published by Nell M. Nugent in several volumes, Cavaliers & Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents, beginning with Vol. I, 1623-1666, Richmond, VA, 1963. Patent images are available on-line on the LVA website.
All able-bodied males were required to serve militia duty. All extant county militia lists were published by Lloyd D. Bockstruck, Virginia's Colonial Soldiers, Baltimore, MD, 1988.

Aaron's son Jesse Brock was said in testimony by his grandson Elijah (son of Amon) to be "about 3/4 Indian." This suggests that Jesse was the grand- or great-grand-, or gr-great-grandson (?) of a European immigrant. A Brock DNA Project to determine the Y-chromosome of Aaron Brock is awaiting more test results, but so far three Brock direct-male-line descendants of Jesse Brocks's sons Amon, James, and Jesse, Jr., are haplogroup J-12f2.1+, of Mediterranean-Middle East- Ashkenazi Jewish (Jews who went to Northern Europe, primarily to England).
Another Brock man descending from George, believed by descendants to be Jesse's son, shows haplogroup R1B, the most common European admixture, and no similarity to the other two.
Brocks having DNA Prints, as opposed to Y-chromosome testing, all show a percentage of Native American.
There is no telling how far back the Jewish (or Melungeon) ancestor lived; it could have been hundreds or even thousands of years. Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman, in her book MELUNGEON: THE LAST LOST TRIBE IN AMERICA (2005), wrote, "Not all Jews are Melungeon, but all Melungeons are Jews," and cites numerous landings in the Carolinas and Florida during the 1500s by Spanish and Portuguese Jewish sailors and settlers seeking a new home as refugees from the Inquisition which began in Spain 1492, the year Columbus discovered America. As other English colonists arrived, the earlier Jewish settlers sought isolation in Appalachia.
One European who married a Cherokee was Christian Gottlieb Priber, who immigrated abt 1735 from Zittau, Germany, went quickly to live with the Cherokee which he saw as an idyllic lifestyle. Leaving a wife and children in Germany who he meant to send for, he instead married a daughter of the great Cherokee Chief Moytoy at Tellico (now in SC). Her name is unknown, but their daughter Creat Priber married Chief Doublehead, who may have been Aaron Brock/Red Bird's brother, in the area now Stearns, KY. According to the interview of Felix Begley by Mrs. Annie Walker Burns, Christian Gottlieb Priber and his Moytoy wife had four daughters, names of the other three are not known. It was fairly common in that time and place for siblings to marry siblings.

'''Item 7''' A sign erected in Clay Co. in 1966 by Kentucky Dept. of Highways, No. 908, text at Kentucky Historical Society, members.tripod.com/~Sue_1/redbird.html
NOTE by Dr. Kenneth B. Tankersley: The prose about Red Bird was on the original State Marker. It was placed in front of Red Bird's cave, destroyed by SR 66, just south of Spurlock and north of Jack's Creek, in Clay County, and directly across the Red Bird River from his burial site. I have a photo taken the day it was dedicated by the governor. My cousin, Jess Wilson, the Clay County historian, filled in until he arrived. The marker has since been stolen and moved to another county. This site is still on the National Register of Historic Places.
Chief Red Bird - Was a legendary Cherokee Indian for whom this fork of the Kentucky River is named. He and another Indian, Jack, whose name was given the creek to the south, were friendly with early settlers and permitted them to hunt in the area. Allegedly they were killed in battle protecting their furs, and the bodies thrown into the river here. The ledges bear markings attributed to Red Bird."
1966, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky Department of Highways #908.

Previous location of Red Bird Rock, the homeplace of Chief Red Bird. The rock broke from this location on 7 Dec 1994 and was taken to Mancester, KY, city park. The rock use to be at ground level until the land was excavated to bring the road through. Photo by Tim Brock. Current location of Red Bird Rock in Manchester (seat of Clay Co., KY), city park, and Tim Brock. In addition to the carvings left by Chief Red Bird are several religious markings attributed to early priest from the Red Bird Mission who found the rock and added his own markings in several ancient languages he knew. Site of Red Bird's murder, directly across the road from Red Bird Rock. '''Item 8''' Dr. John J. Dickey Diary, Fleming County, Ky. Recorded in the 1870's and beyond. Reprinted in Kentucky Explorer, Volume 11, No March, 1997, p. 107. By permission. Clay County. RED BIRD ~ The Indian chief for whom Red Bird Creek in Clay County was named was probably a Cherokee from Tennessee or North Carolina. Like others of his race, he was a great hunter and allured by the game in this remote region he finally took up his residence on the creek that bears his name at the mouth of Jack's Creek in this county. He came to his death by the avarice of the "pale face." There lived with him a crippled Indian named Willie. This man dressed the skins which Red Bird brought to their wigwam and looked after the culinary department of their house. Some hunters from North Carolina, greedy and unscrupulous, came to the wigwam and murdered Willie. They then secreted themselves and awaited the return of the brave chief who had long before buried his tomahawk and for years had been living in peace with the white man, and as he approached his crude castle the bullet of an assassin laid him in the dust. They threw his body into a hole of water nearby which is still called "Willie's Hole," and from which John Gilbert and others took him and buried him. One tradition is that he was sitting on the bank of a creek fishing when he was shot and that he fell into the creek.
Native people in the past traveled and made seasonal moves. Robert Benge, for example, ranged in war and peace from Canada to Florida. By the time of Red Bird, people lived in cabins, rode horses, and drove wagons. Sequoyah moved back and forth from Georgia to Kentucky, from Washington to Arkansas.

Cherokee people who served in the Revolution, as well as African Americans who served, were permitted to be land owners and were encouraged by the newly formed government to acculturate into American society as civilized people.

Gist, father of Sequoyah, led an entire militia of Cherokee during the Revolution. He was brought up for treason and tried by Washington, who found him not guilty and thanked him for rallying the Cherokee for the American cause.
Aaron Brock migrated to Red Bird, Harlan Co., KY, when '''his son Jesse''' was granted land for his Revolutionary service. It is said that at first Aaron and his wife lived in a sycamore tree near what is now Red Bird, Kentucky, which is named for him. Sycamore trees were sacred to the Cherokee. It is where the Creator gave the Cherokee people fire. The stump of that sycamore tree is almost within eye sight of Ken Tankersley's family's home at Cranks, Harlan Co., Kentucky. Jesse Brock was the first settler at Wallins Creek in what was then Knox Co. and is now Harlan.
Aaron Brock, Chief Red Bird, was a friend of Dillon Asher, who maintained a tollgate on the border of Cherokee Treaty land, near present-day Pineville. Pineville was on the Cherokee Boundary Line by the Treaties of 1785, 1792, and 1798. Dillon Asher married Henrietta Bolling, a Powhatan descendant of Pocohantas and John Rolfe. Asher fought in favor of the Cherokee against Evan Shelby, brother of Isaac Shelby, first governor of Kentucky and a commissioner to relinquish Cherokee land claims along the Cumberland River. Red Bird warned Asher that Evan Shelby was going to have him killed, and he fled to present-day Harlan County, and named the new settlement after his Cherokee friend, Red Bird.

About 1798 Chief Red Bird ''(Redbird 2nd, son of first Redbird?? )'' made a personal treaty with Dillon Asher (1777-1844), who kept the first tollgate on the Cumberland Pass, at Pineville, KY. Historical marker designating Asher's cabin was missing and has been replaced:

A historical marker reads, "LOG CABIN PRE-1800. On these grounds of the Red Bird River Community Hospital of the Evangelical United Brethren Church Center is log cabin built before 1800. Erected by Dillon Asher. Born 1774, died 1844. Buried near log house. Asher was keeper of first tollgate in Kentucky near Pineville. Established by legislature, 1795; fees paid for improvements on Wilderness Road."



Aaron "Chief Red Bird's daughter Mahala Brock who md. Edward Callahan had two daughters marry Cornetts ~ Zelphia to Roger Cornett b. 1786, and Charlotte Callahan to Robert Cornett b. 1780, son of Nathaniel Cornett. There were numerous other Brock-Cornett-Bolling marriages but I haven't linked them all back to an original ancestor.

Yahoo Falls, Cleary Co., KY, where Cherokee men, women, and children were massacred in 1810 while Red Bird ''(Redbird II, son of first Redbird)'' was helping escort them to safety at the Red Bird mission.

== Sources == See also: *http://www.feldmanfamily.ws/genroot/getperson.php?personID=I139023&tree=FDF001 *http://ourtexasfamily.com/BrockWebSite/Brock_AaronSr_ChiefRedBird.html *http://www.geni.com/people/Chief-Red-Bird-Brock/6000000002042354802 *http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/ChiefRedBird.htm *[http://books.google.com/books?id=CB-Zvzu-8LwC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=sister+of+doublehead+1736&source=bl&ots=7HFTz9Vjm9&sig=-l2asen1wAGQocnx7derRycqJBs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IRekU8jKGdSuyATGm4GoAg&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=sister%20of%20doublehead%201736&f=false Doublehead Last Chickamauga Cherokee Chief By Rickey Butch Walker at Google Books] * http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brockfamily/YahooFalls-byKTankersley.html * Brock Controversy: https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/tree/26709397/person/1904216849/media/865296f7-88a1-46c9-84f6-3f01ffc8a0a0 * "Family Tree," database, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org : modified 22 March 2017, 10:47), entry for Aaron Brock(PID https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/4:1:L5NS-322); contributed by various users. * Morris, Leon. Morris Fork Kentucky: Family Stories and Genealogies from Breathitt County and Eastern Kentucky. Elkhart, Indiana, 1995. *https://books.google.com/books/about/Morris_Fork_Kentucky.html?id=eda1GwAACAAJ *http://www.kykinfolk.com/breathitt/reading/morris_fork/mf_corrections.html *

[[Category:Shawnee]] [[Category:Native American Genealogy Resources]] The following text has been moved from the profile of [[Castle-331|Jacob Castle]]. Since it is generally about the Shawnee and not specific to Jacob, it has been removed from his profile. == About the Shawnee == The name Shawnee means "southerner". It was said that the Shawnee, a large and united tribe were on of the early historic groups of southern Indiana, but this has been questioned due to conflicting reports. The Shawnee considered the Delaware the "grandfathers" of the Shawnee tribe and the source for all the Algonquin tribes. Shawnee comes from the Algonquin word "shawun" (shawunogi) meaning "southerner." However, this referred to their original location in the Ohio Valley relative to other Great Lakes Algonquin rather than a homeland in the American southeast. Shawnee usually prefer to call themselves the Shawano - sometimes given as Shawanoe or Shawanese. South Carolina colonists knew them as the Savannah or Savannuca. Other names: Ani-Sawanugi (Cherokee), Chaouanons (Chauenon) (French), Chaskpe (Chaouesnon) (French), Chiouanon (Seneca), Cumberland Indians, Ontwagnnn (Iroquois "one who stutters"), Oshawanoag (Ottawa), Satana (Iroquois), Shawala (Lakota), and Touguenha (Iroquois). More about the history of the Shawnee. Pekowi (Bicowetha or Pequa) was the name of one of the five divisions (or bands) of the Shawnee, a Native American people, during the 18th century. The other four divisions were the Chalahgawtha, Mekoche, Kispoko, and Hathawekela. Together these divisions formed the loose confederacy that was the Shawnee tribe. All five Shawnee division names have been spelled in a great variety of ways. Variations of the name "Pekowi" are reflected in many place names in the United States, including Piqua, Pickawillany, Pickaway, and Pequea. The Shawnee were living in northwestern Indiana by 1788, but some bands of the tribe roamed around Indiana and in April of that same year, Kakinathucca’s band were hunting and making sugar in the southwestern part of Indiana. When the sugar making was done they the moved toward Vincennes, near where the Ohio and White Rivers meet and here the women of the tribe planted their crops. The men of the tribe were warriors and the care of the crops was the responsibilities of the women. Many of the tribal ceremonies were centered around the agricultural cycle. In the spring when it was time to plant they performed the corn dance. When the crops were ripe they did the Green Corn Dance and at harvest time it was the Autumn Bread Dance to celebrate the harvest. When the harvest was done the band moved again, north toward Fort Wayne. It was in the village near the White River where the Shawnee "Prophet" had his vision and he and his brother started their campaign among the central woodland tribes for the tribes return to the native way of life. The Prophet gained many followers but only a few Shawnee supported his ideas. The Shawnee were divided into five divisions, the Pekowi, Chalakatha, the Theawikila, Kispola, and Miskohe. Each division had their own war chief, peace chief, woman chief, messenger and sacred bundle. The Chalakatha and the Pekowi had established villages in Indiana and TECUMSEH and his brother the Prophet belonged by birth to the Kishpolo division. The tribal chiefs were chosen from either the Chalakatha or the Thawikila divisions. Each division was divided into a number of patrilineal or gens groups. An individual’s name referred directly to some the animal or a characteristic of the animal that the gen took their name. === Live your life quote === Supposedly associated with Tecumseh.{{citation needed}} : "So live your life that the fear of death can never enter your heart. Trouble no one about their religion; respect others in their view, and demand that they respect yours. Love your life, perfect your life, beautify all things in your life. Seek to make your life long and its purpose in the service of your people. Prepare a noble death song for the day when you go over the great divide. Always give a word or a sign of salute when meeting or passing a friend, even a stranger, when in a lonely place. Show respect to all people and grovel to none. When you arise in the morning give thanks for the food and for the joy of living. If you see no reason for giving thanks, the fault lies only in yourself. Abuse no one and no thing, for abuse turns the wise ones to fools and robs the spirit of its vision. When it comes your time to die, be not like those whose hearts are filled with the fear of death, so that when their time comes they weep and pray for a little more time to live their lives over again in a different way. Sing your death song and die like a hero going home."{{citation needed}} == Sources ==

==Research Notes== About twenty people related to Abraham filed applications for a share of the Eastern Cherokee (Guion Miller) payment in 1907. Those of his direct descendants were grouped with Mahala Clout’s application, cited above. All of the claims were rejected since neither Abraham nor any of his children appear on any Cherokee records. None of the places Abraham is known to have lived were in the Cherokee Nation. Records of the Tyger River Baptist Church 1801-1804 list as members David, Hannah, Ira, Isaiah, James, Mary, Matilda, Nancy, and William Hembree. Abraham and Winifred are not listed and it is not known if any of these people were their children. Townsend, Leah. South Carolina Baptists 1670-1805. Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, Maryland. 1974. p. 136 note. Digitized at archive.org Men named David, James, Joel, and John Hembree all were landowners in the same area of the 96 District of South Carolina between 1780 and 1799. “Drewry” Hembree, believed to be a brother, appears on the same 1790 census page as Abraham. Most of South Carolina was sold/ceded away long before the Revolutionary War. In 1721 some land was ceded, (1 on map) in 1755 the limits of South Carolina were extended (2 on map) to include the modern districts of Abbeville, Edgefield, Laurens, Union, Spartanburg, Newberry, Chester, Fairfield, Richland, and York, generally south and east of the Keowee River. Land between the Broad and Catawba Rivers was recognized as belonging to the Catawba. Fort Prince George was erected on the Cherokee frontier. The small remaining Cherokee area of what is now South Carolina (8 on map) was ceded in 1777. See map Abraham stated his birth date, but not his birth place in his Revolutionary War application. The Spartanburg area where he lived most of his life and where he joined the army was part of South Carolina at the time he was born. Chelsea, I have to take issue with this text in the narrative: "Genealogist and historian Larry Petrisky produced an extensively-researched report titled "The Abraham Hembree Data Project," in which he gave compelling evidence to this widely-held theory. Petrisky's extensive research on the Hembree family is often used as a primary source for genealogists such as David Alden Hennessee of the Hennessee Family Genealogy Pages, which is often used as a primary source for many profiles that are protected by Wikitree's Native Americans Project." As Kathie has demonstrated and my own review concurs: there is nothing extensive or compelling about Petrisky research. Many statements are not sourced, and many citations do not support the statements he has written. What specifically do you find compelling? I just don't see it. The last sentence implies that wikitree's protection of a profile conveys that we recommend any source cited in the profile. Far from it. Please remove that sentence. It is misleading. Please familiarize yourself with wikitree's help page about project protected profiles. The project's Reliable Sources page does not include Hennessee's work. I also just looked at Hennessee's page: he did a copy/paste of Petrisky's text onto his personal family tree. There's nothing "primary" about it. Also misleading is the statement that Petrisky's work "is approved as part of the official library of the South Carolina Genealogical Society." The newsletter you link to is from a chapter of the society, and the Petrisky work is included in the list of the chapter's inventory. No where does it say that any of the items in the inventory are approved or recommended by the Society. I encourage you to document and cite what is known about Abraham. Kathie has listed a number of additional sources to support the profile. Then use a Research Notes section to discuss the theories, preferably in a neutral tone. Here's an example of another profile you might use as a model: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Troxell-17 Quoting from Petrisky’s “Abraham Hembree Project document: “A young Cherokee woman who may have attended those delegations [referring to Cherokee trade delegations hosted by John and Sarah Amory] because she understood many languages also served as a trading interpreter in Purrysburg, where Swiss, German, and Dutch were being heard as often as English, French and Spanish. She was the consort/translator of Thomas Ayers (Eyres) the Cherokee agent for Georgia. Citation: Colonial Records of Georgia, Candler, IV 372, 424, 487, 501, V 276, 277]. Placing this citation after the above text certainly implies that the citations support the statements. Nothing could be farther from the truth. (The books cited are freely available at archive.org, FamilySearch, and other places on the Internet) specifically: Vol. IV p. 372 – no mention of any women, makes references to Indian traders p. 424 no mention of any women; Mr. Eyre, "a Cadet with the regiment" is mentioned in connection with the expectation of a visit from a Cherokee delegation p. 487 no mention of any women. Mr. Eyre arrived “in his way to the Cherokee nation” p. 501 no mention of any women. Mr. Eyre “took his Way up the River” Vol. V, p. 276 no mention of any women, references a letter written 12/23/1739 by Mr. Tho Eyre. p. 277 no mention of any women, “Mr. Eyre mentioned above” Larry Petriski's article does not include sources that connect the many people he discusses and he includes many claims that are totally unsupported. William Emory was born in 1731 ad arrived in America as a six year old child in December, 1737. John and Sarah Amory married in 1726 and there is no evidence they had any children other than the four named in parish records which record the marriage of John Amory and Sarah Wilson in 1726, and the births of four children, "John son of John , Sarah bap 30 Oct 1727 Great Hale; Sarah d of John and Sarah bap 8 Sept 1730 Great Hale; William s of John and Sarah bap 15 Sept 1731 Great Hale; James s John and Sarah bap 19 sept 1732 Great Hale; James s John and Sarah bur 27 May 1737 Great Hale." (https://www.freereg.org.uk/search_queries/5dd9ae084325a6b045c9f507?locale=en Amory) There is nothing to suggest that he had a first wife and other children or that the "two menservants" mentioned in colonial records (John Amory, his wife, three children and two menservants) were related to him in any way. (Calendar of State papers , Oct. 10, 1737, Oct. 5 There are no records that even suggest that the daughter of Ludovic Grant (called "Mary Grant" by many although her name is actually unknown) had more children than daughters Mary, Elizabeth, and Susannah. There is nothing whatsoever to suggest that John Amory had a child with a Cherokee woman in 1744. The citations Petrisky lists from the Colonial Records of Georgia have nothing to do with any Cherokee women. Petrisky discusses someone he calls "Old John Hembree" :The name of “Old John” Hembree’s mother is not known but her “nicknames” were “Mary Ayers/Eyres” and “Many Ears” – it was written both ways in her notes and my great-grandmother could not make sense of it. She thought it was Ayers. Family legend says she went to England on tribal business, was “presented to the queen”, and died overthere from a sudden illness. Since her father was a Moore and her first husband was Ayres, we construct her name Mary (Moore) Ayres, b.c.1721, d.c.1751. ''no records of anyone by this name. No Cherokee went to England in the 1750's.'' :Her death supposedly happened while “Old John” was in mid-childhood. The best fit for this legend happened in 1751 when a delegation of Cherokee from Keowee, Tellico and elsewhere (mostly from South Carolina) set out to be heard by the king of England concerning their frustration with the governor of South Carolina. Little Carpenter (Attakullakulla) and Wauhatchee were among them. The “Young Emperor” recalled that the king told them in 1730 that if they ever needed to speak with him they could go to the royal governor in Carolina or Virginia and be heard. So off to Virginia they went. [The Colonial Records of South Carolina : Documents Relating to Indian Affairs 1750-1754: p.151-154, 161. ''Some of the attendees at the conference in Williamsburg are named: The Raven, the Raven's son, named Moytoy, Tossetee (a Notchee), Good Warrioe of Estatoe, Moytoy of Telliquo, Caesar, Blind Warrior, Chucheechee, Tosetee, Skiagunta, and the Chote King. There were 19 other unnamed chiefs in attendance, several of the mens' wives, and some other women, all unnamed. There is no mention of any women involved in discussions. '' South Carolina Indian Affairs Vol 1, p. 161 == Sources == *See also: * David Alden Hennessee, "Hennessee Family Genealogy Pages," [http://www.thehennesseefamily.com/getperson.php?personID=I10852&tree=hennessee profile of Abraham Hembree] This site compiles information from other researchers.

[[Category:Native Americans Project]] ==Instructions== Use this Space Page as the Native American Project Photo Sandbox. Once you have uploaded your image or source to WikiTree add the address for the photo to the list below, so it can be found by everyone easily. ===Native American Graphics=== *[http://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page Dream Catcher] ===Apache=== ====Maps==== ====Chiefs==== ====People==== ====Groups==== ====Reservation==== ===Algonquin=== ====Maps==== {{Image|file=American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page.png |align=l |size=s |caption=Algonquin pre-colonial lands. }}


====Chiefs==== ====People==== ====Groups==== ====Reservation====

[[Category:Nehantic]] [[Category:American People of Nehantic Descent]] == Background == '''Also spelled Niantic''' [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png/1600px-Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png Map of Nehantic Territory] The name “Nehantic” means “those who live at the point.” The tribal people lived in wigwams and created decorated pottery. They were hunters and gatherers who also grew corn, squash, beans and pumpkins. Like most tribes on the east coast of North America, the Nehantics lived in semi-permanent locations. Summers were spent near the waters of Niantic River and along the shore of Long Island Sound, both of which supplied an abundance of fish and shellfish. These were supplemented by crops of corn, beans and squash. As cold weather approached, tribe members moved to the higher grounds in the northern end of town, where longhouses, sheltered by dense forest, provided comfortable habitat through the winter. == Contemporary Nehantics == In 1998, a council for the Nehantic Tribe and Nation was formed. It is seeking Federal recognition as a tribe. == Migrations and Displacements == In 1672, the Connecticut Colonial Assembly assigned the tribe a 300-acre reservation that stretched from McCook’s Park to Attawan in East Lyme. In the 1770s, Samson Occum and Joseph Johnson, members of the Mohegan tribe, led a group of tribal families from several New England tribes to upstate New York, to live among the Oneida. This settlement adopted the name of Brothertown. Some Nehantics moved there, too. By the early 1800s, with their land holdings rapidly shrinking, the Brothertown residents resettled in Wisconsin. Today, they maintain a distinct cultural community in the Fond du Lac area. In the 1830s, many descendants of Joseph Jeffrey left Connecticut and settled in Rochester, New York, and nearby towns, where they continued the family tradition of working in the abolitionist and civil rights movements. By the 1850s, a branch of the Jeffrey family had left Rochester for Ontanogan, Michigan, then to Winona, Minnesota, and by the early 1900s to St. Paul, Minnesota. == Resources == '''BOOKS''' *Brule, David. LOOKING FOR JUDAH: Adventures in Genealogy and Remembrance *Rose, James, and Brown, Barbara. Tapestry: A Living History of the Black Family in Southeastern Connecticut. New London: New London County Historical Society, 1979 *Welch, Vicki S. And They Were Related Too: A Study of Eleven Generations of One American Family! Xlibris Corporation, 2006 '''NEWS ARTICLES''' *[https://www.theday.com/article/20211011/NWS01/211019864 Nehantic Nation celebrates Indigenous Peoples Day ] - 2021 October 11 - by Elizabeth Regan "The Day" *[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/02/nyregion/now-the-nehantics-ask-us-recognition.html Now the Nehantics Ask U.S. Recognition] - 1998 Aug 2 by Sam Libby, "The New York Times" ==Tribal Members and Descendants == 1700s - Family surnames include Jeffrey, Beman, Mason, Tatten, Brooks, Condol, Congdon, Waukeet, Strong, Caples.

[[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category:Apache Team]] [[Category:Apache]] '''The Apache Team is part of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans project]].''' '''Team Leader: [[Langholf-2|Eowyn Walker]] == Team Scope == The Apaches formerly ranged over southeastern Arizona and north-western Mexico. The chief divisions of the Apaches were the Arivaipa, Chiricahua, Coyotero, Faraone Gileno, Llanero, Mescalero, Mimbreno, Mogollon, Naisha, Tchikun and Tchishi. [http://www.crystalinks.com/apache.html Apache] The current division of Apachean groups includes the Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Salinero, and Plains Apache.[[Wikipedia:Apache]] == How to Join == To join the project (updated June 2023): # First join the Native Americans Project; be sure to follow the "[[Project:Native_Americans#How_to_Join join]]" instructions. # If you are already a member of the project, ask the project leader [[Langholf-2|Eowyn Walker]] to add the project badge if you do not already have it and let her know you are interested in joining the Apache Team # Add the line [[Category:Apache_Team]] to the text area of your profile page. This will add you to the list of participants on the [[:Category:Apache_Team|Category Page]]. # Add "Native Americans" to [[Special:Following|your G2G tag feed]]. # Check out the To-Do list below to find something to help us work on # Please join the Google Mail Group for the [https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!forum/wikitree-native-americans-project WikiTree Native American Project] == Goals == *For each person: # All duplicates merged into lowest number # pertaining categories added # templates added # biography cleaned up and written, using the WikiTree Style Guide (can work with Profile Improvement Project for help) # Attached family meets these goals, too # Attached to the main WikiTree family tree == Project Sticker == Use the Native Americans Sticker for profiles that do not need Native American Project Protection. The sticker should be added below the == Biography == lines. Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker |tribe=Apache}}
Result:

{{Native American Sticker |tribe=Apache}} ==Profiles== *[[Apache-2|Geronimo]] *[[Apache-5|Alope]] *[[Apache-6|Nina the Titith]] *[[Apache-7|She Gha]] *[[Apache-8|Ze Yeh]] *[[Apache-3|Chee Hash Kish]] *[[Apache-1|Bernardina]] *[[Geronimo-5|Lulu Geronimo]] *[[Geronimo-6|Chappo Geronimo]] *[[Geronimo-7|Fenton Geronimo]] *[[Chihennes_Apache-3|Victorio]] *[[Chihennes_Apache-4|Lozen]] *[[Apache-28|Mangus]] *[[Apache-25|Mangas Coloradas]] *[[Chihennes_Apache-2|Elsie Vance Chestuen]] *[[Apache-30| Dahteste Mangus]] *[[Apache-24|Cochise]] *[[Apache-39|Gouyen]] *[[Chiricahua Apache-1|Huera]] ==Conflicts== [[Image:Native Americans Apache-9.jpg|400jpg|]] *[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Wars Wikipedia: Apache Wars] *[http://www.ranker.com/list/list-of-apache-wars-battles/reference Apache Wars] lists 42 separate Apache Wars *[http://nativeamericanencyclopedia.com/battles-apache-wars/ Native American Encyclopedia: Battles of Apache Wars] ==Resources== * === Maps === [https://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Native_Americans_Apache-1 Map 1]
[https://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Native_Americans_Apache-2 Map 2]

[[Category: Sources by Name]] =Bibliography of the Siouan Languages= *author: James Constatine Pilling *publisher: Washington, Government Printing Office, 1887 *This publication is a listing of publications (as of 1887) concerning Siouan Languages. The author lists the works, publication information, subject matter, and brief biographies of authors, including tribal affiliations of Native authors. *Source example: :::Pilling, James Constantine. [[Space:Bibliography of the Siouan Language|Bibliography of the Siouan Language]] (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1887) *In-line citation example: :::[[#Pilling|Pilling]]: Page 134 * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Bibliography of the Siouan Language|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== :online: *Hathitrust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001178507 (full text view)

[[Category: Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication]] ==Pocahontas' Real Family== Pocahontas -- or [[Powhatan-3|Amonute Matoaka Powhatan]] was born about 1596 in what would become Virginia after the Jamestown settlers landed in 1607. She adopted Christianity and took the name Rebecca. In 1614 she married [[Rolfe-2|John Rolfe]]. They had one child, Thomas Rolfe. Centuries later, claiming descent from Pocahontas has become a popular pastime, and false genealogies to assist in that pastime have been fabricated. The account below is intended to clarify the borders between the real descendants of Pocahontas, and those that are fabricated. ===The First Three Generations=== '''Generation 1''' [[Powhatan-3|Pocahontas -- Amonute Matoaka Powhatan]] -- was born about 1596, She first came to the attention of the Virginia colonists as the Indian maiden who saved John Smith's life and brought food to the early colonists. She married John Rolfe about 5 April 1614. John Rolfe was born before 6 May 1585 and died about 10 Mar 1622. Pocahontas was her childhood pet name. Upon her conversion to Christianity and her marriage, she became '''Lady Rebecca Rolfe.''' They were the parents of one child, '''Thomas Rolfe.'''. '''Generation 2''' [[Rolfe-1|Thomas Rolfe]] was born about 30 January 1615 and died before 23 Apr 1681. In about 1644 he married Jane, her birth surname unknown, born about 1630 and died January 1679. They had one child, '''Jane Rolfe.''' '''Generation 3''' [[Rolfe-54|Jane Rolfe]] was born about 1655 and died after 27 Jan 1677 at the Kippox Plantation, Hopewell, Virginia. PPP by Southern Colonies. In 1675 she married Colonel [[Bolling-34|Robert Bolling]] (26 Dec 1646 - 17 Jul 1709). PPP by Southern Colonies. They had one child, John. ===Robert Bolling and the Red, White and Blue Bollings=== [[Bolling-34|Col Robert Bolling]], the immigrant, son of John and Mary Bolling who lived in the parish of Allhallows Barkin parish, Tower Street, London, was born in London in 1646. He immigrated to Virginia in 1660, at the age of 14. In 1675 he married '''Jane Rolfe,''' his first wife, daughter of Thomas Rolfe.. They had one son, John, born 1676; Jane herself died that year. Robert Bolling of Chellowe, Buckingham County, Virginia. [https://archive.org/stream/memoirofportiono00inboll#page/4/ A Memoir of a Portion of the Bolling Family in England and Virginia] Translated by Judge John Robertson from the original French. Richmond, Virginia: W. H. Wade & Company, 1868. Page 4 Robert Bolling then in 1681 married his second wife, '''Anne Stith,''' daughter of John. Robert Bolling lived at "Kippax in P:rince George County, Virginia, and died in 1709 aged 62. Robert and Anne had a number of children. '''Red White and Blue''' The descendants of Robert and Jane were descendants of Pocahontas and in the family were called the "Red Bollings." The descendants of Robert and Ann Stith were not descendants of Pocahontas and in the family were called the 'White Bollings." In addition, there were other Bollings who also had descendants. Because these Bollings "came out of the blue" they were called "Blue Bollings." Sometimes these Bollings also claimed descent from Pocahontas, but these descents are fabrications. Fred Hof. [https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/bolling/1471/ Definition of Blue Bolling] Genealogy.com, September 30, 2001. Accessed 14 December 2022 [[Day-1904|jhd]] '''The Red Bollings: Generation 1: Family of John Bolling and Mary Kennon''' The following confirmed children of [[Bolling-34|Robert Bolling]] and his first wife [[Rolfe-54|Jane Rolfe]] '''are''' Pocahontas descendants: #[[Bolling-10|John Bolling]] (Bolling-10) (27 Jan 1676 - 20 Apr 1729), was the son of Robert Bolling and Jane Rolfe. On 29 December 1697, he married [[Kennon-4|Mary Kennon]] (Kennon-4) (29 Jun 1679 - 29 Jun 1727). She was the daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Warsham) Kennon. "John Bolling devoted himself to commerce...and lived agt Cobbs, on Appomattox River, where he received all the profits of an immense trade with his countrymen, and of one still greater with the Indians....They had one son and five daughters: ##Jane (Bolling) Randolph (23 Jul 1698 - 04 Mar 1766) m. Richard Randolph (02 May 1686 - 17 Dec 1748) on 17 Dec 1715. ##[[Bolling-59|John Bolling Jr]] (20 Jan 1700 - 06 Sep 1757) Married first Elizabeth Lewis (07 May 1706 - bef 1727) abt 1720. Married second [[Blair-1821|Elizabeth Blair]] (20 Jan 1708 - 22 Apr 1775) on 1 Aug 1728. See Generation 2. ##Elizabeth Blair (Bolling) Gay (1709 - abt 1766) m. William Gay (abt 1705 - 01 Mar 1749) on 1730. Ptogilr PPP by Virginia Project ##Mary (Bolling) Fleming (1711 - 10 Aug 1744) m. John Fleming (Nov 1697 - 06 Nov 1756) on 20 Jan 1727. ##Martha (Bolling) Eldridge (1713 - 23 Oct 1749) m. Thomas Eldridge Jr. (abt 1710 - 04 Dec 1754) on 4 Dec 1727. ##Anne (Bolling) Murray (abt 12 Dec 1718 - 29 Sep 1800) '''The Red Bollings: Generation 2: Family of John Bolling, Jr and Elizabeth Blair''' [[Bolling-59|John Bolling Jr]] was born 20 Jan 1700 and died 06 Sep 1757. John Bolling, Jr, "possessed the gay spirit of his father, without his taste for commerce...as he had no evil propensity, he thought himself entitled to enjoy innocent pleasures: Horses, Dogs, Hunting, Fishing, good Living, Dancing, his Wife and his Children." About 1720 he married first [[Lewis-1864|Elizabeth Lewis]]. She was born 7 May 1706, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Warner) Lewis of Gloucester Couty. She died before 1727 without issue. On 1 August 1728 John married second [[Blair-1821|Elizabeth Blair]]. She was born 20 Jan 1708, daughter of Archibald and Susan (Fowler) Blair, and died 22 Apr 1775. They had at least 11 children. Several died in their infancy (indicated in bold below). The children that survived to adulthood were mentioned in his will or codicil, and all eleven were mentioned in the Robert Bolling memoir.Bolling, Robert. A Memoir of a Portion of the Bolling Family in England and Virginia. Richmond, Va., W.H. Wade & Co., 1868. https://archive.org/details/memoirofportiono00inboll/page/n18/mode/1up p. 5 - consists of three parts: (1) "Memoirs of the Bolling Family," written in 1764 by Robert Bolling of Chellowe, Buckingham Co., VA and translated from the original French manuscript in 1803 by John Robertson, son of William Robertson (both relatives of Bolling); (2) explanatory notes inserted into the translated text by Virginia statesman John Randolph of Roanoke, a relative of the author and the translator; and (3) additional annotations by the editor, Thomas H. Wynne. The entire work — privately printed and distributed — is comprised of 68 pages, of which only 8+ cover the 1764 Memoir. Elizabeth (Blair) Bolling survived John as widow and later married [[Bland-13|Richard Bland II (1710-1776)]] of "Jordan's", with no issue. She died in April 1775.Voorhis, Manning C. “Bollingbrook.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 4, 1936, pp. 545–553. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920595. Accessed 23 Apr. 2021. #'''[[Bolling-742|Archibald Bolling]]'' (died as infant) #[[Bollling-1|Thomas Bollling]] (Bollling-1) J.P. (1735-1804) Named in Will #[[Bolling-1|John Bolling]] (Bolling-1) (1737-aft.1800) Named in Will #[[Bolling-201|Robert Bolling]] (Bolling-201) (1738-1775) Named in Will. Writer of "Memoirs of the Bolling Family" #'''Sarah Bolling''' (died as infant) #'''Anne Bolling''' (died as infant) #[[Bolling-102|Mary (Bolling) Bland]] (Bolling-102)(1744-1803) Named in Will #[[Bolling-212|Edward Bolling]] (Bolling-212) (1746-1770) Named in Will #[[Bolling-211|Sarah (Bolling) Tazewell]] (Bolling-211) (1748-1781) Named in WIll #[[Bolling-210|Archibald Bolling]] (Bolling-210) (1750-abt.1829)]] Named in Codicil to Will. #[[Bolling-55|Anne (Bolling) Dandridge]] (Bolling-55) (abt.1751-1802)]] Named in Codicil to Will. '''The White Bollings''' The following confirmed children of [[Bolling-34|Robert Bolling]] and his second wife [[Stith-5|Ann Stith]] are '''not''' Pocahontas descendants: #[[Bolling-8|Robert Bolling]] #[[Bolling-13|Stith Bolling]] #[[Bolling-16|Edward Bolling]] #[[Bolling-12|Anne Bolling]] married Wynne #[[Bolling-18|Drury Bolling]] #[[Bolling-17|Thomas Bolling]] #[[Bolling-19|Agnes Bolling]] married Kennan ==Fabrications: Zelma Wells Price and The Price List== ===The Price List=== In 1963 Zelma Wells Price released her multivolume work, "Of Whom I Came, From Whence I Came..." Zelma Price. ''Of Whom I came; from whence I came: Wells-Wise, Rish-Wise and Otherwise.'' 1959. Notes taken from Vol 6, pt 1, p. 13 Robert Hof noted that "Price was a noted genealogist with impressive credentials.": She resided in Greenville Mississippi. Volume VI of her work addressed the Bolling family, and "recorded the Pocahontas-descent tradijtions of several Bolling, Bolding and Bowling families. The end result was a list of 21 children said to have been born to John and Elizabeth Blair Bolling." Fred Hof. [https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/bolling/1753/ Sources: the "Price" List] Genealogy.com, January 7, 2002. Accessed 14 December 2022 [[Day-1904|jhd]] The list below shows 9 names in bold. These are the 11 Red Bollings of John and Elizabeth (Blair) Bolling of generation 2, less 2 daughters, Sarah and Anne, who died in infancy. To them are added 12 undocumented "Blue Bollings" who are '''not''' shown in bold; the combined list recorded, on pages 7-9 of Vol. VI, the "Price list." :1.Meotaka (Meta) Bolling, 3 July 1729 - :'''2.[[Bolling-742|Archibald]], 1 June 1730 - "apparently d. young"''' :3.William, 5 April 1731-1776 ("while serving as Col. In Revolutionary Army"). This is the William L. Bolling shown following under Disproven Existence. :4.Elizabeth,(twin of William), 5 April 1731 - :5.Jared, 3 June 1732 - :6.Martha, 15 July 1733 - :7.Dorothea (Dorothy), 30 June 1734 - :8.Benjamin (twin of Dorothea), 30 June 1734-1832: :'''9.Thomas, 7 July 1735-7 August 1804''' :'''10. [[Bolling-1|John]], 24 June 1737-1797'''. This John married Mary Jefferson. This is not the John Kennon Bolling who married Mary Tarpley. :'''11.Robert, 17 August 1738-1775''' :12.Jane, 13 July 1740- :13.Rodney, 18 September 1742-19 November 1778 :14.Rolfe, 16 July 1744 - :'''15.Mary (twin of Rolfe), 16 July 1744-1775''' :'''16.Edward, 9 September 1746-10 August 1770''' :'''17.Sarah, 16 June 1748''' - :'''18.Archibald, 20 March 1749/50-1829''' :'''19.Anne, 7 February 1752 -''' :20.Powhatan, 16 April 1754- It appears that Powhatan — did not exist. The "real" Powhatan Bolling (1767-1803) was a grandson of John and Elizabeth Blair Bolling. :21.James, 9 January 1756- ===Sources of the Price List=== Hof writes that "Zelma Wells Price cited "Affidavits Made by Ara Janet (Bolding) Stegall," a relative of hers. Hof adds that, "In reviewing research notes I've made from Price's work I've found the following verbatim passages relating to the affidavits in question:

"Our ancestor John Bolling came from Va. to South Carolina after the Revolution.His father was Col. William Bolding. Our John married Miss Mary Tarpley.They had Sons named John Tarpley, and James, and other children." "I copy now for you the children of John Bolding & his wife Elizabeth Blair.She was his 2nd wife.The old list you Spoke of must have been the one in [the] hands of Ellen Weatherbee as I know for sure she had one.The list gives names & birth dates of twenty children & is said to be in the Handwriting of John Tarpley Bolding.The one I have is very old & yellow & almost crumbled but I still have it.I copy this from a copy my papa made years ago."There then follows the list of 20 children, seven of whom with the surname "Bolling," 13 of whom with the surname "Bolding" and one of which (Powhatan -- born 1754) whose very existence is doubtful.The 12 "blue" Bollings are within this list.

Hof continues: "It appears, therefore, that what the affidavit attested to was the possession by Ara Janet Bolding Stegall of a list or a copy of a list "said to be" in the handwriting of John Tarpley Bolding, a man whose questionable grasp of Bolling family reality goes to the heart of the "blue Bolling" controversy. Boiled down to its essence, all the affidavit attests to is the good-faith recording of a list (original or copy, said to be in someone's handwriting) by Mrs. Stegall for Judge Price's use." Hof adds, "Some or all of the 12 "blues" may someday achieve consensus "red" status.Yet if John Bolling's will and Robert Bolling's memoirs (neither of which mentions any of the 12 "blues") are worthy of doubt, skepticism and even disbelief, how can an "affidavit" of this nature be elevated to the status of unquestioned "proof?" Hof then adds that "In reality, the "Price" list could be called the "Ara Janet (Bolling) Stegall" list, because it was she, a cousin of Judge Price, who wrote it down, signed it, had her signature notarized, and sent to the genealogist." "The 20 names listed by Mrs. Stegall were: (1) Meotaka Bolding; (2) William Bolding; (3) Elizabeth Bolding; (4) Jared Bolling; (5) Martha Bolding; (6) Dorothea Bolding; (7) Benjamin Bolding; (8) Thomas Bolding; (9) John Bolding; (10) Robert Bolling; (11) Jane Bolding; (12) Rodney Bolling; (13) Rolfe Bolling; (14) Mary Bolling; (15) Edward Bolding; (16) Sarah Bolding; (17) Archibald Bolling; (18) Anne Bolding; (19) Powhatan Bolling; (20) James Bolding. [Note: the mixture of Bolling and Bolding surnames is exactly as recorded by Price on pages 70 and 71 of Vol. VI.]" "Concerning sources for the 12 disputed names, Price — who on page 97 details what she believes to be her own four-way descent from Pocahontas, all through blue Bolling number 3 [William L. Bolling]— does not use footnotes.She does, however, offer an extensive bibliography.Yet one is struck by twounsettling discoveries in reviewing her many pages of discussion about the Bolling family." "First, she relies to an extraordinary degree on "affidavits" — notarized letters sent to her by relatives — in constructing her list and fleshing it out with details. " "Second — and this can be confirmed perhaps only by viewing her papers — there is no indication in her text that she ever focused her own well-trained genealogical eye on the "very old & yellow & almost crumbled" piece of paper containing a list attributed to John Tarpley Bolding/Bolling (1778-1849), who would have written it in the early 1800s." "Mrs. Stegall sent cousin Zelma Price a copy of a copy, one which she said was written down by her father, Wesley Washington Bolling." "Nothing in Price's narrative states that she herself examined either the "original" or W.W. Bolling's copy of the original.She may have, but she does not say so." "About her father, Mrs. Stegall said the following: "When I was a very young girl [note: she was born in 1876] my papa almost let us starve while he took off to find out about family genealogy & look up kin folks all over the country . . . He went into Ala. Tenn. the Carolinas, Virginia & other States & was gone better than a year . . ." [p. 71] Clearly the research activities of Wesley Washington Bolling deserve far more scrutiny than has been brought to bear thus far.It may well be that he — not his grandfather, John Tarpley Bolling/Bolding — deserves most of the credit for launching the process that resulted in Zelma Price's famous list." "Mrs. Stegall's affidavits were not the only ones used by Judge Price." "Citing "old family Bible records and many other records which I now have," Martha Elender (Ellen) (Weatherbee) Edmonson affirmed the following on May 16, 1932: "William Bolling and his wife, Amelia Randolph, were the parents of John Bolling Sr. [Note: the father of John Tarpley Bolling.] They were both born in Va.Her father was Richard Randolph.His [William's] birthdate is Apr. 5th, 1731, and hers is June 15th, 1739.He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and is said to have been a Col. He died on the battlefield at the age of 45 years in the year 1776.His wife died at her home in Henry Co. Va on Sept. 5th, 1780.They were married at her fathers home on Jan. 1st 1755.William Bolling was the son of Maj John Bolling, and from him just about 4 generations back to Pocahontas." [pages 72-73]" "This testimony seems to have created difficulties for Price, who gives no indication of having personally examined any of the Bible records or other documents.There were two relevant Richard Randolphs: father and son." "Price decided, on a basis not specified, that Richard, Jr. was the father of Amelia. This necessitated a year of birth for the father consistent with a 1739 year of birth for the daughter and, in turn, a "new" year of birth for Jane Bolling Randolph, mother of Richard, Jr. and younger sister of Col. John Bolling.Here is how Price, with no footnote and no reference, handled the difficulty: "Some records have shown Jane Bolling (4) to have been born in 1703, but this is incorrect.She was the first child born to her parents, and she was born in 1698.For her to have been born in 1703, she would have been only eleven years of age when she married." [page 4] Indeed, she would have been awfully young if she'd actually been married in 1714.Virtually any source Price could have consulted (such as Robert Bolling's Memoir) would have given Jane's year of birth as 1703.Moreover, the emergence of convincing evidence (discussed elsewhere in this Forum and the Randolph Forum) that Jane's oldest child (Richard, Jr.) was born in 1724/25, thus making him ineligible to have been Amelia's father, only puts an exclamation point on Price's unusually cavalier methodology.She seems to have taken a notarized letter from a relative, tried to shape the evidence, and then constructed a genealogical framework to support it." ==Disproven Existence== The following italicized profiles have been identified as Disproven Existence. They are arranged according to their claimed relationships. Note that since people who never existed cannot have parents, spouses, or children, the relationships shown to the italicized disproven existence persons are false. Non-italicized profiles are those of real people. ===Col. William L. Bolling and his supposed wife Amelia Randolph=== Col. William L. Bolling appears on the "Blair List" as t4he third child of John and Elizabeth (Blair) Bolling. He is the second of the 11 "Blue Bollings" added by Zelma Wells Price. ''Disproven Existence: [[Bolling-658|Col. William Bolling-658]] (Bolling-658), was shown as born 1731 and previously connected as the son of John Bolling and Elizabeth Blair. Hof writes, "No trace of a Colonel William Bolling has ever been found. A soldier (evidently a private) by that name living in Henry Co. died in the Revolutionary War, but nothing substantial linking him to John and Elizabeth Blair Bolling has ever been uncovered.... Indeed, other than the family hearsay traditions consolidated and written down by Price, DNA shows not a descendant of Pocahontas. There was a real Col. William Bolling who married a Randolph descendant. See genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/bolling/1572.'' ''Disproven Existence: [[Randolph-1528|Amelia Randlph-1528]], the supposed wife of William Bolling, was claimed to be the daughter of Jane Bolling Randolph, b. 1698, granddaughter of John Bolling and Mary Kennon, and great-granddaughter of John's mother Jane Rolfe. Jane Rolfe was in turn the granddaughter of Thomas Rolfe, and great-granddaughter of John Rolfe and Amonute Matoaka Powhatan (Pocahontas). Amelia's existence also is disproven." ===Supposed Children of William and Amelia=== The following names appear in different accounts as children of William and Amelia. Some are real people. Some are disproved existence. Parents of Catherine & Samuel, who are possibly real people. Recommendations: Needs to be PPP by Native American Project. Needs to be disconnected from wife Amelia Randolph. Children attributed to William and Amelia include: *Real Person: [[Bolling-454|Catherine Bolling-454]]. b. 1754 South Carolina, m. William Easton Hawkins. *Real Person: [[Bolling-657|Samuel Bolling-657]]. b. 1755, Goochland, Virginia. A number of children. *''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-739|Amelia Bolling-739]] Amelia Meotaka "Meta" Bolling, born 1761. Father was William L Bolling, Bolling 658.'' *''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-738|William Bolling-738]], b. 1767. was son of William L. Bolling-658'' *''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-740|Archibald Bolling-740]], bon 1757. was son of William L. Bolling-658.'' Do not confuse with Archibald Bolling-742, who died in infancy, or his brother Archibald Bolling-210 (1750-1829). *Possible Real Person. [[Bolin-1306|John Bolin]] (Bolin-1306). Unsourced. Previously connected to William L. Bolling, now disconnected. Has daughter. ===John Kennon Bolling and Mary Tarpley=== Uncertain Existence: [[Bolling-722|John Kennon Bolling]] (Bolling-722) and wife [[Tarpley-119|Mary Tarpley]] (Tarpley-119). This couple appear in many genealogies, but their existence is uncertain. Sometimes John Kennon Bolling's parents are shown as William L. Bowling-648 and Amelia Randolph-1528. Sometimes his father is shown as William L. Bowling-1230; that profile has been repurposed as William Bowling, Revolutionary War soldier. Sometimes his parents are shown as John and Elizabeth (Blair) Bolling. However, the real son of John and Elizabeth (Blair) Bolling, John Bolling, Jr, married Mary Jefferson, not Mary Tarpley. Nevertheless, John Kennon Bolling and Mary Tarpley appear as the parents of many children whose existence has been disprovede. ===Supposed Children of John Kennon and Mary (Tarpley) Bolling=== **''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-731|Amelia Randolph Bolling-731]], b. 1793, South Carolina. Mary Tarpley Bolling was mother. John Kennon Bolling, b. 1756, was father.'' **Real Person. [[Bolling-10|John Tarpley Bolling]], son of John Kennan Bolling and Mary Tarpley. Married Mary Pleasants. Real People. **Real Pereson. [[Bolling-540|John Tarpley Bolling]] (Bolling-540) , b. 1778, and [[Pleasants-152|Mary Pleasants]] (Pleasants-152), b. 1782. Real people with 14 children, who all had middle name of Pleasants. James, b. 1799; Billy, Melvin, Joseph, William, Robert, Sarah, John, Sara,. Anne, Sarah, Andrew, Matthew, Ann, Elizabeth. All real people with descendants. **''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-703|Mary Pleasants Bolling-703]] Weatherbee ,b. 1799 Tennessee. One had Mary Pleasants Bolling (Plesants-152) as mother. Once had John Tarpley Bolling. b1778 (Bolling-540) as father. John Tarpley Bolling not disproved; John Tarpley Bolling was son of John Kennon Bolling & Mary Tarpley Bolling.'' Numerous Weatherbee children have also been shown to be Disproven Existence. **''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-726|Rodney Rolfe Bolling-726]]. Born 1799 Tennessee. Mother was Mary Tarpley Bolling-Tarpley-119, b. 1760. Father was John Kennon Bolling-722, b. 1756. Major John Kennon Bolling is not disproved; is son of William L. Bolling-1230 b. 1731, parents unknown. Not Bolling-658-703'' **''Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-735|Mary Meotake Bolling-735]]. Mary Tarpley Bolling was mother. John Kennon bolling was father. '' **Disproven Existence. [[Bolling-724|Calvin Powhatan Bolling-724]], born Tennessee 1801. Was son of John Kennan Bolling & Mary Tarpley Bolling. ===Unconnected Bollings=== [[Bolling-736|Ann Bolling-736]]. No PM. b. 1771. Married John Peyton Powell, unsourced. ==Draft Paragraphs to Add (This Section to be Deleted when Project is complete)== ===Draft Paragraph to Add to Disproven Profiles=== Research Note: No evidence has been found to confirm the existence of this person. This person has previously been connected to ancestry from Pocahontas. See [[Space: Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication|Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication]] for a fuller understanding of how the fabrication came to be, who was involved, and the specific ancestry claimed for this person. ===Draft Paragraph to Add to Uncertain Existence Profiles=== Research Note: It is possible that this is a real person, however, because it is not adequately sourced, that has not been determined. Regrettably, some relationships may have been fabricated to claim descent from Pocahontas. See [[Space: Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication|Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication]] for a fuller understanding of how the fabrication came to be, who was involved, and the specific ancestry claimed for this person. ===Draft Paragraph to Add to Real Persons affected by Fabrication=== Research Note: Documentation exists to confirm this person's existence. However, some relationships may have been fabricated to claim descent from Pocahontas. See [[Space: Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication|Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication]] for a fuller understanding of how the fabrication came to be, who was involved, and the specific ancestry claimed for this person. ===Draft Paragraph to Add to Pocahontas Profile=== Research Note: In later years the notion of descent from Pocahontas has become attractive and more than one false genealogy has been created to claim such descent. See [[Space: Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication|Bolling Pocahontas Fabrication]] for a fuller understanding of how these fabrications came to be, who was involved, and the specific ancestry claimed for claimed descendants. ==Sources==

[[Category: Caddo Nation]] =Caddo History= The Caddo originated in the lower Mississippi Valley and spread west along the river systems. Sometime between 700 and 800 they settled the area between the Arkansas River and the middle reaches of the Red, Sabine, Angelina, and Neches rivers and adopted agriculture. They grew corn and pumpkins as primary crops which, later combined with beans and squash, stimulated population growth. The name Caddo derives from a French abbreviation of Kadohadachho (“real chief”). The Caddo people in historic times (after 1535) comprised at least 25 distinct but closely affiliated groups centered at the Great Bend of the Red River and extending into the Piney Woods region. The Caddo people differ from most other American Indian groups that lived in Texas because of their territorial stability. Settlement and use of lands had great permanence: the Caddo lived and sustained themselves in the same broad forested and well-watered landscape for over 1,000 years. By the time of contact with Europeans, the Caddo were organized into three kin-based affiliated groups. The Hasinai confederacy (called Cenis by the French and Teyas by the Spanish) occupied between nine and 12 communities in the Neches and Angelina river valley region of East Texas. The Kadohadacho and Natchitoches confederacies lived in the area of the Red River to the north and east in what are now the border regions of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana.Hodge, Frederick Webb, Compiler. The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office. 1906. ==[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America) Late Archaic Period] (2000 BC) to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period#Early_Woodland_period_(1000%E2%80%931_BCE) Early Woodlawn Period] (200 BC)== {{Image|file=Caddo.png |align=r |size=100 |caption=Atlatl Spear Thrower }} The early ancestors of the Caddo were hunter-gatherers, who moved from place to place hunting and trapping wild animals and gathering the seeds, nuts, fruits, and roots of wild plants. Archaic hunters used the atlatl (spear-thrower) and dart to kill their favorite prey, white-tailed deer. By 2,000 B.C., people living not far to the north and east (in Missouri, Illinois, and Kentucky) began experimenting with gardening. By selecting the best stock, they gradually developed the first domesticated forms of oily and starchy seeded plants such as squash, goosefoot, and sunflower. Some of the Late Archaic groups in the Caddo Homeland may have begun small-scale gardening as well. Part-time gardeners or not, Late Archaic peoples seem to have increased their numbers and put down roots. The intensive harvesting of hardwood nuts, such as hickory and walnut, combined with deer hunting and a host of other food resources, apparently provided enough surplus food for people to begin staying longer at one place.TBH Web Team. ''[https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net Caddo Fundamentals]''. Texas Beyond History. ==[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period#Early_Woodland_period_(1000%E2%80%931_BCE) Late Woodland Period] (500 BC) to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture Mississippian Culture] (1500 AD)== {{Image|file=Caddo.jpg |align=l |size=200 |caption=Caddoan Pottery }} Continuing a pattern begun in Late Archaic times, Woodland-period Caddo ancestors gradually shifted from being mobile hunter-gatherers to increasingly settled villagers who planted domesticated crops to supplement wild foods, a change with profound consequences. With agriculture and settled life came the ability to produce and store surplus food, higher population levels, and the need for new ways of organizing, integrating, and protecting society. {{Image|file=Caddo-1.jpg |align=r |size=100 |caption=Caddo Weapon (Bow) }} The finding of artifacts in graves made of exotic materials from sources hundreds of miles away, shows that Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove peoples living in the Caddo Homeland were linked to other peoples across much of the Eastern Woodlands. In this sort of long-distance trade (down-the-line exchange) the exotic goods were probably given leader to leader to further ritual and social ties, not economic ties. The Woodland period also saw the introduction of pottery making from the Southeast, as well as, around A.D. 500, a new weapon system, the bow and arrow (probably from the Southwest). Around 800 AD, early Caddo society began to crystallize as one of the earliest Mississippian cultures in the Southeast. Among the many villages, some emerged as ritual centers, special places where religious and political leaders lived. Early ritual centers were places where temples and other special buildings stood, sometimes on top of earthen mounds. Temple and burial mounds were sometimes arranged around open plazas, where the peoples gathered on solemn and festive occasions. During this time, complex religious and social ideas took hold, including the notion that some people and certain lineages (kin groups) were more important than others. Evidence of these changes are seen most clearly in large tombs thought to contain adult male leaders accompanied by retainers or family members sacrificed in their honor and fancy grave offerings including obvious symbols of authority and prestige. {{Image|file=Caddo-2.jpg |align=l |size=150 |caption=Artist's depiction of building
a Caddo ritual center }} By 100 AD, Caddo society can be said to have entered its heyday, an era of unprecedented wealth, population, and prestige that lasted over 600 years and was still underway in A.D. 1542 when Caddo peoples were first encountered by Europeans. The Caddo were the westernmost people of the Mississippian world, an ethnically and politically fragmented realm that stretched eastward to Georgia and northern Florida and as far north as Illinois and Wisconsin. {{Image|file=Caddo-3.jpg |align=r |size=150 |caption=Holly Fine Engraved bottle from an
Early Caddo tomb at the George C.
Davis site, Cherokee County, Texas }} Major Caddo ritual centers in most parts of the Caddo Homeland, especially along the Red River, were the principal places of small, independent societies. The Caddo had developed a distinct pottery tradition and produced extremely fine pottery, no doubt the envy of neighbors far and wide. Overall, the Early Caddo period seems to have been a time of cultural unity during which Caddo groups in many areas did many things the same way such as pottery making and burying their dead. As Caddo peoples grew more numerous, more and more villages, hamlets, and farmsteads were established throughout the Caddo world. It was at this time that corn became the mainstay crop for most Caddo groups, a change that probably helps explain why Caddo settlements became smaller and more spread out. People lived among their cornfields. At the north end of the Caddo world the site of Spiro on the Arkansas River reached its zenith as an important trading and ritual center sitting strategically at the choke point of a natural transportation route (the Arkansas Valley) between the core of the Mississippian world to the east and the Buffalo Plains to the west. The Middle Caddo period is also a time during which Caddo potters experimented a great deal with different shapes and designs. Caddo population peaked after A.D. 1400, with Caddo settlements built throughout the Caddo Homeland including many places that had not been settled before. Ritual mound centers seem to have become less important in some areas. By Late Caddo times, instead of broad cultural unity, there are many distinct local traditions, pronounced variations on the theme of being Caddo. The increasing reliance on corn agriculture and high population levels resulted in declining health among Caddo people. The east-west trade brought small quantities of marine shells, turquoise, cotton, and Southwestern pottery to the Caddo Homeland from as far west as the Pacific ocean as well as trade pieces from the Mississippi Valley. ==16th Century== The Spanish entrada of Hernando de Soto, led by Luis de Moscoso, passed through Caddo lands in present-day Arkansas and Texas between 1542 and 1543. Once they entered Texas the Spaniards traveled along an aboriginal trail (the Caddo Trace) that extended from the Red River southwest into the heart of East Texas, and connected to other trails (part of El Camino Real) within the Angelina and Neches river basins. As they bumped into Caddo families in the river basins, they found vast differences in corn supply—prosperity or scarcity for communities.National Trails Intermountain Region. ''[https://www.nps.gov/elte/learn/historyculture/index.htm European Influence and Interaction]''. National Park Service; US Department of the Interior. In the late 1600s, the Spanish entered the region from the southwest and the French from the Mississippi Valley. They established missions and trading posts and competed with one another for control over the Caddo domain. Recurring diseases (like smallpox) continued to decimate Caddo populations. Rival Indian groups, now equipped with guns, encroached from the east. Yet this is the very period during which the Caddo entered written history and the period upon which much of our understanding about Caddo life is based. Early chroniclers encountered at least two dozen named, independent Caddo groups, some speaking separate dialects of a common language. ==17th Century== The Caddo people lived primarily in small groups, villages were scattered along Red river and its tributaries in what are now Louisiana and Arkansas, and also on the banks of the Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Brazos, and Colorado rivers in east Texas. The Caddo were not the only occupants of this wide territory; other confederacies belonging to the same linguistic family (Caddoan) also resided there. There were still some fragments of older confederacies of the same family, some of which still maintained their separate existence, while others had joined the then powerful Hasínai. These various tribes and confederacies were alternately allies and enemies of the Caddo. The native population was so internally divided that at no time could it have successfully resist the intruding white race. At an early date the Caddo obtained horses from the Spaniards through intermediate tribes; they learned to rear these animals, and traded with them as far north as Illinois River. Through missions, presidios, ranches, and trading posts, France and Spain laid claim to Caddo land and courted Caddo allegiance. In turn, the Caddo participated in the French fur trade, and they exchanged guns, horses, and other items with Indian groups and Europeans. The resulting economic symbiosis between the Caddo groups and Europeans, as well as the continued political stability of Caddo communities, was key to the political success and strength of Caddo tribes. Exposure to European epidemic diseases led to a Caddo population decline of 75 to 90 percent. The Spanish conducted a strong, unsuccessful effort to Christianize the Caddo. As a self-sufficient nation with their own religion, the Caddo studiously ignored the Spanish. ==19th Century== Beginning in the early 1820s, increased Anglo migration into Caddo territory (“land grabs”) impacted the sacred Caddo landscape. Caddo groups were widely scattered across the land in East Texas (including villages on the Red River and in the Neches-Angelina river valleys). Alabama and Coushatta Indians immigrated to Texas and Caddo territory from lands east of the Mississippi River. Caddo settlements now lay well away from El Camino Real de los Tejas. In 1835, Caddo chiefs surrendered their lands within the United States territory in a forced land cession, giving up present-day Caddo Parish, Louisiana and Miller County, Arkansas. Caddo retreated to Texas and Mexico. Texas never recognized any claims to land by the Caddo. The Hasinai, Natchitoches, and Kadohadacho were forcibly pushed out of East Texas by Anglo settlers. Some moved into Indian Territory, while others traveled west into the upper Brazos River drainage. This was the final and bitter end to the Caddo settlement of their traditional homelands. Texas allowed the US government to set up a reservation for the tribes near present-day Graham, Texas with a lease stipulation that once the land was no longer needed, it was to revert back to the state of Texas. According to the Caddo Nation in a 2013 statement, the Caddo perspective was that: ''

...the government did not want us living in the US. It truly was a ‘I don’t care where you go, you just can’t stay here’. The treaty was careful to ensure that the government did not allot any land for those Caddo forced out of Shreveport and the United States. Ancestor Mary Inkanish documented her experience of being removed from Shreveport in a 1927 interview. She explained that when that treaty was signed, her family went down into Mexico. This demonstrated the familiarity Caddos had with Mexico. Why would they go into Mexico first if they didn’t know what to expect? This linked the El Camino Real de los Tejas as the main road used to get there.

'' For a few years, the Caddo groups made a successful agricultural living in the Brazos River valley; although they were never secure from Anglo encroachments. In 1859 they were again forced to abandon their homes, all the fruits of their labors, and the graves of their kindred. Major Robert S. Neighbors, the US Indian Agent in Texas, led the tribes to the area of present-day Anadarko, Oklahoma along the Washita River valley in Indian Territory. On his return to Fort Belknap, he was shot in the back, brutally murdered because he helped the Indian tribes. The Caddo today commemorate his dedication to them by visiting and cleaning his gravesite. In 1874, for the first time, the Caddo are recognized as a single tribe or nation, a change brought about by the necessity of dealing with the United States government. On order of the U.S. government, Caddo tribal lands, like those of certain other tribes, were parceled out to each adult Caddo, 160 acres each. White settlers were given everything left over (most of the Caddo land). This was a deliberate strategy intended to seize more Indian lands and prevent tribes from reorganizing and to force Indian peoples to assimilate into American society. =Famous Caddo= At the top of Caddo society were religious and political leaders who held inherited positions. These positions were normally held by men, but a few female leaders are known from historic accounts and in some high-status prehistoric tombs the principal individuals appear to have been women. Among the Hasinai groups, the xinesi (pronounced chenesi, meaning Mr. Moon) inherited the position of spiritual leadership (head priest) and served all of the allied communities. Each community had a caddi or principal headman (civil chief), a rank that was also inherited from father to son, as well as a group of village elders known as canahas. In consultation with the canahas, the caddi was primarily responsible for making the important political decisions for the community, sponsoring major ceremonies of a diplomatic nature, leading councils for war/raiding expeditions, and conducting the calumet (or peace pipe) ceremony with important visitors to the communities. The tammas were subordinate "enforcers" who made sure the caddi's decisions were obeyed and that people behaved properly. *Lane Factor (28 June 2005–present)—Native American actor, enrolled in Caddo Tribe. Best known for playing “Cheese” in the TV series “Rez Dogs”. *R. Chandler Goetting (1912-2006) Caddo trumpeter of renown (and classmate of Itzhak Perlman at Juilliard) who enjoyed tribal dancing as a young man. He won the Young Concert Artists award for trumpet in 1963. https://www.trumpetherald.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=31039&start=7 *Tommy Wayne Cannon (September 27, 1946–May 8, 1978) - An important Native American artist of the 20th century. An enrolled member of the Kiowa Tribe with Caddo and French descent, he was popularly known as T.C. Cannon. *Anahwake Nahtanabah (1940– ) noted Caddo artist primarily working in beading, bronzes, clay, and oils. Considered an “older sister” by TC Cannon, she happened to be driving along a crossroad to the road where Canon met his demise in a car accident and witnessed the crash that stole him away. *Jereldine "Jeri" Redcorn, aka Bah-ha Nutte, (meaning "River Woman) (born 1939-) - A Caddo-Potawatomi artist who single-handedly revived traditional Caddo pottery. *John Wilson (1840-1901) - Caddo Peyote roadman José Maria, aka Iesh (Aasch) - Chief or caddice, as the Caddo people called their principal leader - of the Anadarko (Nadaco) from about 1842 to 1862, who rose to become principal chief of all the Caddo during the mid-1800s. He led the Caddo from the short-lived Brazos Reserve in Texas to the Indian Territory in 1859. *Sho-We-Tit (Billy Thomas) - A Caddo man photographed by Joseph Dixon on June 21, 1913 at Anadarko, Oklahoma. Tinhiouen - Kadohadachos Chief from 1760 to 1789. *Dehahuit - Kadohadachos Chief from 1800-1833. *Whitebread - Caddo chief (caddi) from 1902-1913. *Bar-Zin-Debar (Tall Man) - Sho-e-tat (Little Boy) aka George Washington (1816-1883) - Louisiana Caddo leader of the Whitebread Caddos. Appointed to the rank of major and in command of two-companies designated to protect peaceful Indian settlements from marauding Comanches. He played both sides of the fence, and bootlegged weapons to the wild Indians for more than 10 years.''Famous Caddo.'' AAANativeArts. =Sourcces= https://variety.com/2023/tv/actors/lane-factor-reservation-dogs-self-doubt-1235703993/amp/ https://m.imdb.com/name/nm12184215/# https://yca.org/artist/1963-goetting-chandler/ https://www.trumpetherald.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=31039&start=7 https://playbill.com/article/genius-at-work https://www.adobegallery.com/artist/Anahwake_Nahtanaba1037585 '''See Also:''' *'''Bolton, Herbert E.''' 1987 The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as seen by the Earliest Europeans. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. *'''Carter, Cecile E.''' 1995 Caddo Indians: Where We Come From. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. *'''Gregory, Hiram F.''' (editor) 1986 The Southern Caddo: An Anthology. Garland Publishing, New York. *'''Griffith, William J.''' 1954 The Hasinai Indians of East Texas as Seen by Europeans, 1687-1772. Philological and Documentary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans. *'''Lavere, David L.''' 1998 The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics,1700-1835. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. *'''Newkumet, Vynola Beaver and Howard L. Meredith''' 1988 Hasinai: A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. *'''Parsons, Elsie C.''' 1941 Notes on the Caddo. Memoir 57. American Anthropological Association, Washington D.C. *'''Smith F. Todd.''' 1995 The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. *1996 The Wichita and Caddo Indians—Relations with the U.S., 1846-1901. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. *'''Webb, Clarence H. and Hiram F. Gregory.''' 1986 The Caddo Indians of Louisiana. 2nd Edition. Anthropological Study 2. Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission, Baton Rouge. *'''Krieger, Alex D.''' 1946 Culture Complexes and Chronology in Northern Texas, with Extensions of Puebloan Datings to the Mississippi Valley. Publication No. 4640. The University of Texas, Austin. *'''Perttula, Timmothy K.''' 1992 "The Caddo Nation": Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives. University of Texas Press, Austin. *2004 The Prehistoric and Caddoan Archeology of the Northeastern Texas Pineywoods, in The Prehistory of Texas, p. 370-407, edited by Timothy K Perttula, Texas A&M University Press. *'''Perttula, Timmothy K., Ann M. Early, Lois E. Albert, and Jeffery Girard'''. 2006 Caddoan Bibliography, updated edition. Arkansas Archeological Survey Technical Paper 10, Fayetteville. *'''Moore, C. B.''' 1912 Some Aboriginal Sites on Red River. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14(4):526-636. *'''Webb, Clarence H.''' 1959 The Belcher Mound, A Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Memoirs No. 16. Soceity for American Archeology, Salt Lake City.

[[Category:South Dakota Projects]] [[Category:Lincoln County, South Dakota]] [[Category:South Dakota]] [[Category:Native American History]] : '''Update August 2023:''' It has come to the attention of WikiTree's Native Americans Project that this page may have inaccurate and incomplete information, and the person who started this effort is no longer interested in working on it; we are therefore, for the time being, removing the list of names. -- Jillaine Smith, project coordinator.''' : '''Update September 2023:''' Regarding the concern above, editing has corrected the information, the link below provides access to a Google Sheet that has replaced the original text and is editable by anyone. It contains 405+/- names of patient inmates at the Canton Asylum that current research has exposed; It’s purpose is to provide a tool in support of the Keepers of the Story and the South Dakota Historical Society in their effort to identity both ancestors and descendants of those patient inmates at the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. Along with our colleagues at Geni, the harnessing of the power of genealogical users on both platforms would seem an ideal solution to the genealogical effort needed for such a task. --David Bigelow, Profile Manager Please be careful when using Google Sheet features as they may have unintended consequences as this sheet, to be accessible to everyone, is totally unlocked. The sources used for the spreadsheet are identified below. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1foetuUSLc_BheBasEK3EkvK30l_aPgKA/edit?usp=drive_link Our colleagues at Geni have recently completed the framework on two new ongoing projects of parallel import, see Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians @ https://www.geni.com/projects/Hiawatha-Asylum-for-Insane-Indians/4494933 and the companin project the Hiawatha Asylum Cemetery @ https://www.geni.com/projects/Hiawatha-Asylum-Cemetery/4494840 See the map National atlas. Indian tribes, cultures & languages : [United States] at the Library of Congress for a geographic study of American Native origins and to identify the locations from which the patient inmate came.: Source: Sturtevant, William C. “National Atlas. Indian Tribes, Cultures & Languages : [United States].” Library of Congress.Gov, Geological Survey, Reston, VA., 1991, https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701e.ct003648r/?st=image&r=-0.281,-0.129,1.429,0.754,0. Accessed 27 Sept. 2023. ===History=== The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, renamed the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians, was created by Congress in 1898 to confine Native Americans who were thought to be insane by Bureau of Indian Affairs agents.Yellow Bird, Pemina. [https://www.power2u.org/downloads/NativePerspectivesPeminaYellowBird.pdf Native Perspectives on the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians]. Accessed on the World Wide Web, Nov. 21, 2017. It opened in January 1903. The first administrator was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_S._Gifford Oscar Gifford], the man who had initiated bringing the institution to Canton and had worked on the land deal. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Indian_Insane_Asylum Wikipedia: Canton Indian Insane Asylum] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164717/http://www.hiawathadiary.com/HiawathaAsylum.html Hiawatha Asylum] Gifford died Jan 16, 1917 according to Joiner, p. 140. She makes it sound like he was still working? [[Hummer-247|Dr. Harry R. Hummer]] was the asylum's superintendent from 1908 until its closing in December 1933.Riney, Scott. [http://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-27-1/power-and-powerlessness-the-people-of-the-canton-asylum-for-insane-indians/vol-27-no-1-and-no-2-power-and-powerlessness.pdf Power and Powerlessness: The People of the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians]. Vol. 27. No 1 and No 2, South Dakota Historical Society, copyright 1997 Many incarcerated there were those considered troublemakers by reservation agents. People have shared stories of the abuse they witnessed in that asylum.[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm Lincoln County: Hiawatha Insane Asylum] Joinson, Carla. 'Vanished In Hiawatha:The Story of the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians.' [http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/ review by the author]. There was an investigation in 1927 by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. "[[Silk-373|Dr. Samuel A. Silk]] - Clinical Director at then the country's premier psychiatric hospital, St. Elizabeth's in Washington, DC. Silk inspected the Canton asylum in 1929 and filed a detailed report of abuses."http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm Congress delayed closing the institution because of a glowing report from the Michigan Congressman. In 1929, Dr. Hummer opened a cleaned up part of the institution for tours, advertising it in distant cities, "Come see the crazy Indians." The asylum was ordered closed in 1933 by Interior Secretary Harold Ickes. Dr. Gupta. The Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians: The First Federal Mental Hospital for an Ethnic Group.The American Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 156, Issue 5, May 1999, pp. 767. At least 121 perished during their time in the asylum and were placed in the asylum cemetery in unmarked graves. The buildings are gone now, raised in the 1940's, to make room for Sanford Canton-Inwood Medical Center. The cemetery remains, but is surrounded by a golf course. ===Spreadsheet Sources=== *(1) Joinson, C. (2016). Vanished in Hiawatha: The story of the canton asylum for insane Indians. University of Nebraska Press. *(2) Burch, Susan. Committed: Remembering Native Kinship in and Beyond Institutions. United States, University of North Carolina Press, 2021 Accessed 12 Aug. 2023. *(3) Burch, Susan. “‘Dislocated Histories’: The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians.” Women, Gender, and Families of Color, vol. 2, no. 2, 2014, pp. 141–62. JSTOR Accessed 12 Aug. 2023. *(4) Keepers of the Canton Native Asylum Story, 2023: Dilenschneider, A. An Invitation to Restorative Justice: The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, "Northern Plains Ethics Journal (2013). *(5) Culp, L. L. “Plot of the Cemetery.” Received by Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Canton Asylum, 17 Feb. 1934, Canton, South Dakota. *(6) United States, Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. Camp Verde School: 1910-27; Canton Insane Asylum: 1910-22, National Archives, pp. 655–1113. Record Group 75 Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1793–1999, [Online version, HTTPs://catalog.archives.gov/id/155854182 ]. Accessed 23 Aug. 2023. *(7) Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Office of the U.S. Indian Inspector for Indian Territory. 1898-1907, Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Series: Case Files on Insane Indians, Personal Medical Records (Note: used generic type information only, medical diagnoses not extracted here) *(8) Harry R. Hummer; Hummer, Harry R., “1923 Annual Report Narrative and Census,” Honoring the Dead: A Digital Archive of the Insane Indian Asylum, accessed September 7, 2023, https://honoringthedead.omeka.net/items/show/18. *(9) Samuel A Silk; Silk, Samuel A, “Letter from Samuel A Silk to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 3, l933,” Honoring the Dead: A Digital Archive of the Insane Indian Asylum, accessed September 7, 2023, https://honoringthedead.omeka.net/items/show/1. *(10) Joinson, Carla. “Suspect Diagnosis.” Indians, Insanity, and American History Blog, 19 Aug. 2012, http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/history_blog/tag/o-s-gifford/. Accessed 18 Sept. 2023. *(11) Gregory, A. “Competency, Allotment, and the Canton Asylum: The Case of a Muscogee Woman”. Disability Studies Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 4, Jan. 2022, doi:10.18061/dsq.v41i4.8476. *(12) Mihesuah, Devon. “Becoming Insane: The Death of Arch Wolfe at the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians.” Disability Studies Quarterly (DSQ), 2021. *(13) Whitt, Sarah. “‘Care and Maintenance’: Indigeneity, Disability and Settler Colonialism at the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, 1902-1934.” Disability Studies Quarterly (DSQ), 2021. *(14) Riney, Scott. Power and Powerlessness: The People of the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. Vol. 27. No 1 and No 2, South Dakota Historical Society, copyright 1997 *(15) Cornfeld, Thelma Nolan. Redlands, San Bernardino County, California, 1996. Unpublished manuscript on USGenWeb by permission of her daughter Barbara @ http://files.usgwarchives.net/tx/nacogdoches/history/berryhill/beryh8.txt ===Further Reading=== #“Wild Indians: Native Perspectives on the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians.” By Pemina Yellow Bird. < https://power2u.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NativePerspectivesPeminaYellowBird.pdf > #Walker, D. E. (2018, September 13). ‘A living burial’: inside the hiawatha asylum for insane indians. Indian Country Today. Retrieved July 22, 2023, from https://ictnews.org/archive/a-living-burial-inside-the-hiawatha-asy.... #National Park Service: Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. #https://pages.vassar.edu/theirsorours/2017/04/04/the-hiawatha-canto... “The asylum’s cemetery is now surrounded by a golf course — does this further delegitimize the lives of the patients kept there?” #https://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/41555 “ We went at sunset after most golfers had gone. We wished we had something to leave to pay respects. We noticed a lot of sea shells and one candle and a few hand made crosses. There was a sort of hidden gravestone to the north east side of the cemetery, keep your eyes down and you'll see it.” #Wikipedia contributors. "Canton Indian Insane Asylum." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Mar. 2023. Web. 22 Jul. 2023. @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Indian_Insane_Asylum cites: ##Canton Indian Historical Society" Archived October 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, National Park Service. Retrieved July 2, 2011. ##Still Spring Films. "Hiawatha Asylum". Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2017-03-13. ##Bhatara, Vinod; Gupta, Sanjay; Brokenleg, Martin (1999-05-01). "The Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians: The First Federal Mental Hospital for an Ethnic Group". American Journal of Psychiatry. 156 (5): 767. Retrieved 2017-03-13. ##Nerburn, Kent (2013). The Girl Who Sang to the Buffalo : a Child, an Elder, and the Light from an Ancient Sky. Novato, California: New World Library. ISBN 1608680150. #”Hiawatha Insane Asylum” http://sites.rootsweb.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm #"If you knew the conditions..." Health Care to Native Americans, 1994 Exhibit < https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/if_you_knew/index.html > #”A Brief History Of The Hiawatha Asylum” Hiawatha Foundation. “For the most part, the asylum and what went on there are now a forgotten part of history. A part that is acknowledged by the City of Canton on limited terms and has never been acknowledged by the history books. Information available regarding the asylum continues to be sketchy at best. One can find a few well written articles on the Internet but by and large, Hiawatha and its sins have never really been revealed to the public at large on any respectable scale. Short of one romance novel, an MPR interview spot, a pointed report regarding mental illness and Native Americans and some honorable mentions in various dissertations, the history of the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians has remained one of this country's best kept secrets.” #” Putney, D. T. (1984). The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, 1902-1934. sdhspress.com. https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-14-1/the-can... ” #” Kennecke, A. (2021). History of Hiawatha: The threat behind the Indian boarding schools. Keloland News. Nexstar Media Inc. Retrieved July 22, 2023, from https://www.keloland.com/news/investigates/history-of-hiawatha-the-.... (Video @ https://www.keloland.com/news/investigates/history-of-hiawatha-the-...) #” Young, S., & Leader, A. (2013, May 5). S.D. revisits past at Native American Insane Asylum. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/05/sd-native-ame... #” Manoukian, M. (2021, June 2). The tragic true story of the hiawatha insane asylum. Grunge. https://www.grunge.com/246656/the-tragic-true-story-of-the-hiawatha... #” Mihesuah, D. (2021). Becoming Insane: The Death of Arch Wolfe at the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. Disability Studies Quarterly, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v41i2 #” Gevik, B. (2019, November 20). Canton’s Hiawatha Indian Asylum. SDPB. http://www.sdpb.org/blogs/arts-and-culture/keepers-of-the-canton-in... (A timeline of the asylum) #” Joinson, C. (2016). Vanished in Hiawatha: The story of the canton asylum for insane Indians. Bison Books, and 16b. Joinson, C. (2017, April 9). Asylums And Insanity Treatments 1800 – 1935 [web log]. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/history_blog/. #” Zoledziowski, A. (2021, December 17). 126 Native Americans are buried in unmarked graves at this golf course. Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7nezb/south-dakota-native-american... (Audio clip) #” Whitt, S. (2021). Indigeneity, Disability and Settler Colonialism at the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, 1902-1934. Disability Studies Quarterly, 41(4). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v41i4 #” Brice, A. (2020, November 19). Fiat vox ep. 66: how the u.s. government created an ‘insane asylum’ to imprison native americans. Berkeley News. Retrieved July 23, 2024, from https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/11/19/using-disability-to-imprison-n.... (Audio Clip) #Irvine, Janice, "Sociology 397AM: Asylums, Madness, and Mental Illness in American Culture" (2018). Sociology Educational Materials. 1. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/sociol_ed_materials/1 #2013 USA Today article, S.D. revisits past at Native American insane asylum < [ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/05/sd-native-ame... https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/05/sd-native-american-insane-asylum/2137011/]. #Williams, Samantha, host. Vanished in Hiawatha. The Story of Canton Asylum for Insane #Indians, Nov 8, 2017, UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS, #Indians, Insanity, and American History Blog: Asylums And Insanity Treatments 1800 – 1935. < http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/history_blog/podcast-for-vanished-in-hiawatha/> podcast. #A detailed history, in a 1984 issue of South Dakota History by Diane Putney: http://www.sdshspress.com/index.php?&id=386&action=950 #http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm Includes excerpts from the 1929 report, quotes from advocates, and the names of those buried. #A 2013 article in USA Today from the Sioux Falls Argus Leader with powerful interviews: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/05/sd-native-amer... #On Indian Country Today Media Network, written by a relative of an inmate: http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/11/04/hiawatha-asylu... #Committed: Remembering Native Kinship in and beyond Institutions. By Susan Burch. < GoogleBooks > #Disability Studies Quarterly. Home / Archives / Vol. 34 No. 3 (2014): General Issue / “Miracle Madness.” by Allison Hedge Coke. < https://dsq-sds.org/index.php/dsq/article/view/3243/3651> #Disability Studies Quarterly. Home / Archives / Vol. 41 No. 4 (2021): Fall 2021 / “Competency, Allotment, and the Canton Asylum: The Case of a Muscogee Woman.” By Anne Gregory. #“Their Blood Cries Up From The Ground.” < link > The first major inspection came in 1923, followed by another in 1926 when Dr. Herbert Edwards, Medical Field Secretary of the National Tuberculosis Association and a member of the Meriam Commission, investigated the asylum. The results of this investigation became part of what is now known as "The Meriam Report". It was this report that revealed the dark side of the asylum and began a process of increased investigation of the hospital. #Parman, Donald L., and Lewis Meriam. “Lewis Meriam’s Letters during the Survey of Indian Affairs 1926-1927 (Part I).” Arizona and the West 24, no. 3 (1982): 253–80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40169028. #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_Report The Meriam Report (1928) (official title: The Problem of Indian Administration) was commissioned by the Institute for Government Research (IGR, better known later as the Brookings Institution) and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The IGR appointed Lewis Meriam to be the technical director of the survey team to compile information and report on the conditions of American Indians across the country. Meriam submitted the 847-page report to the Secretary of the Interior, Hubert Work, on February 21, 1928. The report specialist for health was Dr. Herbert Edwards. #1928 Meriam Report, full text online, hosted at HathiTrust < https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009063777 > Pg 306-307 #https://ictnews.org/archive/a-living-burial-inside-the-hiawatha-asy... #Inside KELOLAND: (Aug 1, 2021) History of Hiawatha Asylum https://youtu.be/uL9Y6V2a6Wc #Young, S. (3013, May 5). S.d. revisits past at native american insane asylum. Argus Leader, Sioux Falls, S.D.). Retrieved July 28, 2023, from #https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/05/sd-native-ame.... #Indians, Insanity, and American History Blog: Asylums And Insanity Treatments 1800 – 1935. < http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/history_blog/tag/o-s-gifford/ > #Honoring the Dead: A Digital Archive of the Insane Indian Asylum / Stacey Berry < https://des4div.library.northeastern.edu/honoring-the-dead-a-digital-archive-of-the-insane-indian-asylum/ > #Rooks, David. “A 21-Arrow Salute: ‘Come See the Crazy Indians.’” Indian Country Today (ICT) News, 14 June 2016. #” Davis, S. (2017, November 13). The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. WikiTree.com. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Canton_Asylum Original Work cites: ##Leahy, Todd. They Called It Madness: The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, 1899-1934. Baltimore: Publish America. 2009. ##Ness, Matt. Federal Indian policy, psychiatric care, assimilation and the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians. Ann Arbor, MI. ProQuest 2016. ##Putney, Diane. "The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians, 1902-1934." South Dakota Historical Society. 1934. ##United States National Archives and Records Service, Indian census rolls: 1885-1940. Washington : National Archives and Records Service, 1965. ##Dilenschneider, Anne, 'An Invitation to Restorative Justice: The Canton Asylum for Insane Indians.' Northern Plains Ethics Journal, 2013 Cached version accessed on the World Wide Web, November 14, 2017 < https://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/institutes/northernplainsethics/NPEJv1n1community.pdf > page 105-128. ##Walker, David Edward, 'A Living Burial': Inside the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians. Nov. 9, 2015 Accessed on the World Wide Web March 17, 2019, ##Rooks, David. 'A 21-Arrow Salute: Come See the Crazy Indians'. Published online at Indian Country Today, June 14, 2016 Accessed on the World Wide Web, Nov. 12, 2017 at 21-Arrow Salute ##Yellow Bird, Pemina. Native Perspectives on the Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians. Accessed on the World Wide Web, Nov. 21, 2017. ##Riney, Scott. Power and Powerlessness: The People of the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians. Vol. 27. No 1 and No 2, South Dakota Historical Society, copyright 1997. ##Lincoln County: Hiawatha Insane Asylum < https://sites.rootsweb.com/~sdlincol/hiawatha.htm > ##Joinson, Carla. 'Vanished In Hiawatha:The Story of the Canton Asylum for Insane Indians.' review by the author. < http://cantonasylumforinsaneindians.com/ > ##Dr. Gupta. The Hiawatha Asylum for Insane Indians: The First Federal Mental Hospital for an Ethnic Group.The American Journal of Psychiatry. Volume 156, Issue 5, May 1999, pp. 767. ==Sources==

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* [[Space:Sources-Family_Genealogies|Family Genealogies]] * [[Space:Sources-Periodicals|Periodicals]] * [[Space:Sources-Europe|Europe]] ** [[Space:Sources-Austria|Austria]] ** British Isles *** [[Space:Sources-England|England]] *** [[Space:Sources-Ireland|Ireland]] *** [[Space: Source List for Pre-Norman Britain|Pre-Norman Britain]] *** [[Space:Sources-Scotland|Scotland]] *** [[Space:Sources-Wales|Wales]] ** [[Space:Sources-Finland|Finland]] and [[:Category:Finland_Genealogy_Resources|Finland]] *** [[Space:Sources-Åland|Åland]] ** [[Space:Sources-France|France]] ** [[Space:Galicia#Sources|Galicia]] ** [[Space:Germany_Project_Resources|Germany]] ** [[Space:Hungary_resources|Hungary]] ** [[Space:Sources-Italy|Italy]] ** [[Space:Sources-The_Middle_Ages|The Middle Ages]] ** [[Space:Netherlands_Project_Hulpbronnen|Netherlands]] ** [[Space: Sources-Norway|Norway]] ** [[Space:Pre-1500_Resource_Page|Pre-1500 Resources]] ** [[Space:Portugal_Project_-_Resources|Portugal]] ** [[Space:Sources-Portugal|Portugal (alt.)]] ** [[Space:Slovakia_Resources|Slovakia Resources]] ** [[Space:Sources-Switzerland|Switzerland]] * Project Sources ** [[Space:1776_Project_Resource_Page|1776 Project]] ** [[Space:War_of_1812_Resource_page|War of 1812 Resource Page]] ** [[Space:Australia_Project_Resources|Australia_Project_Resources]] ** [[Space:Cymru_Project_Resources|Cymru]] ** [[Space:Acadians_Project_Reliable_Sources|Acadian Reliable Sources]] ** [[Space:German_Roots_Project_Resources| German Roots Project Resources]] ** [[Space:Huguenot_Migration_Project_-_Member_Interests_List_1 |Huguenot_Migration_Project_-_Member_Interests_List_1]] ** [[Space:Magna_Carta_Project_Reliable_Sources|Magna Carta]] ** [[Space:Mayflower_Resources|Mayflower Project]] ** [[Space:Native_Americans_Project_Reliable_Sources|Native Americans Project Sources]] ** [[Space:Sources-New_Netherland_Settlers|New Netherland Settlers]] ** [[Space:Sources-New_Sweden|New Sweden]] ** [[Space:Palatine_Migration_Research_Resources|Palatine Migration]] ** [[Space:Puritan_Great_Migration_Project_Reliable_Sources|Puritan Great Migration Project Sources]] ** [[Space:Quaker Project Resources|Quaker Project Resources]] ** [[Space:US_Southern_Colonies_Reliable_Sources|Southern Colonies Project Sources]] ** [[Space:Southern_Pioneers_Project_Resource_Page|Southern Pioneers Project]] ** [[Space:Early Pennsylvania Settlers - Sources|William Penn and Early Pennsylvania Settlers]] * [[Space:Sources-Uncategorized|Uncategorized Sources]]: Sources that don't fit nicely somewhere else in the above list. * [[Space:Source Bibliographies|Source Bibliographies]] ** [[Space:Sources-GMB|Sources used in The Great Migration Begins]] by Robert Charles Anderson. ** [[Space:Sources-Douglas Richardson's Ancestry Series|Sources used in Douglas Richardson's Ancestry Series]] ** [[Space:Sources-K. S. B. Keats-Rohan's Domesday Series|Sources used in K. S. B. Keats-Rohan's Domesday Series]] ** [[Space:Sources-Burke's Bibliography|Burke's Bibliography]] ** [[Space:Sources-Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England|Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England's Bibliography]] ** [[Space:Sources-Torrey|Torrey's Bibliography]] ** [[Space:Sources-Settlers of The Beekman Patent, Source List|Sources used in The Settlers of The Beekman Patent]] ** [[Space:Sources-Musgraves Obituary|Sources used in Musgrave's Obituary]] * [[Space:Kitty's Library|Kitty's Library]] - external links only * [[Space:Books|Books owned by people on WikiTree]] * [[Space:Personal Diaries and Journals|Personal Diaries and Journals]]

=== Free Online Book Repositories: === ::* [https://books.google.com/ Google Books] ::* [https://archive.org/ Internet Archive] (Also contains new books that may be borrowed and read online.) ::* [https://www.hathitrust.org Hathi Trust] ::* [https://books.familysearch.org Family Search] ::* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/libsci/fulltext.html Library of Congress] ::* [http://library.si.edu/ Smithsonian Libraries] ::* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ Project Gutenberg] ::* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ The Online Books Page] ::* [http://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins] ::* [https://gallica.bnf.fr Gallica] from the Bibliothèque nationale de France ::* [https://www.delpher.nl/ Delpher] from the Nationale Bibliotheek in the Netherlands Here is a YouTube video that describes some of the basics on how to use these sources: [https://youtu.be/U63ZYOPVS8o WikiTree Sources] Do you have a favorite source? You can add it to this list. Here is some background information on sharing sources: [[Space:How_to_Share_Sources_on_WikiTree|How to Share Sources on WikiTree]]. All the sources include source description, locations where the source can be found, a "What Links Here" link, and examples for source citation and footnotes. These examples can be simply pasted into your own profiles. Citation examples are based on "[http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Chicago Manual of Style]": author, title, (publisher,date), vol./page. Most of these books can be found at a library by searching here: http://www.worldcat.org/.

[[Category: Iroquois Confederacy]] [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category:Cayuga]] ---- This page is associated with the [[Project:Iroquois|Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Team]] and the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]]

'''Cayuga Nation Team'''

The purpose of the Team is to work on profiles of all individuals who Identify as being a part of one of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, united by Kaianere'ko:wa. == How to Join http://www.wikitree.com/images/badge/native_americans.gif == To see our current members, please see the list below To join the Team, first join the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]]. # Check out the To-Do list below to find something to help us work on, and add yourself (or ask one of us to) to that task. == Goals == *For each person: # All duplicates merged into lowest number # PPP added only for individuals who are historically significant or are the subject of many merges. # pertaining categories added # templates added # biography cleaned up and written, using the WikiTree Style Guide (can work with Profile Improvement Project for help) # Attached family meets these goals, too # Attached to the main WikiTree family tree (ask the GFR for help) == Project Template == For profiles that are project managed / protected: Sample usage: {{Native American|tribe=Cayuga}}
Result:

{{Native American|tribe=Cayuga}} == Project Sticker == For profiles that are native americans: Sample usage: {{Native American|tribe=Cayuga}}
Result:

{{Native American|tribe=Cayuga}} ==Resources==

[[Category: Native Americans Project]] [[King-64313|Charles Bird King Wikitree Profile]] Charles Bird King was an American portrait artist. His style incorporated Dutch influences, which can be seen most prominently in his still-life and portrait paintings. King's best known work were portrayals of significant Native American leaders and tribesmen. These works were commissioned by the U.S. Government and made up a bulk of the Indian portrait collection, with more than 143 paintings done from 1822 to 1842. An 1865 fire destroyed most of the paintings but lithographic representations survive via the three-volume work, History of the Indian Tribes of North America. Museums and Galleries where King's works may be viewed: * [https://crystalbridges.org/blog/charles-bird-kings-native-american-leaders/ Crystal Bridges Museum] * [https://collections.gilcrease.org/creator/charles-bird-king Gilcrease Museum] * [https://americanart.si.edu/artist/charles-bird-king-2628 Smithsonian American Art Museum] Below are some of King's works found on WikiTree with a link to the subject's WikiTree profile. ---- == Paintings == King made 143 paintings at the request of Thomas McKenney, head of the first Bureau of Indian Affairs, between 1821 and 1842. McKenney’s entire collection was eventually transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, where most were tragically lost in a fire in 1865. However, a few did survive and King also made some duplicates which still exist. {{Image|file=Vann-1086-3.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Vann-1086|David Vann]] }} {{Image|file=No_Last_Name-7-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Kaw-3|White Plume Kaw]] }} ---- == Lithographs == Lithographer Henry Inman created copies of 120 of the portraits for McKenney’s historic three-volume publication History of the Indian Tribes of North America, With Biographical Sketches and Anecdotes of the Principal Chiefs, which was published between 1837 and 1844. {{Image|file=Decora-5.png |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Decora-5|Spoon Cugiga Decora]] }} {{Image|file=Muscogee-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Muscogee-1|Hothlepoya Muscogee]] }} {{Image|file=McIntosh-1908.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[McIntosh-1908|William Henry McIntosh]] }} {{Image|file=Nawkaw-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Nawkaw-1|Nąga (Nawkaw) Keramąnįga]] }} {{Image|file=Choctaw_Detachment_of_Warriors.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Choctaw-270|Pushmataha Choctaw]] }} {{Image|file=Ridge-297.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Ridge-297|John Ridge]] }} {{Image|file=Native_Americans_Cherokee-5.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Ross-6907|John Ross]] }} {{Image|file=Hajo-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Seminole-4|Sint-Chahkee Seminole]] }} {{Image|file=Gist-99.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Cherokee-314|Sequoyah Cherokee]] }} {{Image|file=Seneca-10.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Seneca-10|Otetiani Seneca]] }} ---- == Contemporary Artists == * [[Space:George_Catlin_Native_American_Portraits|George Catlin Native American Portraits]]

[[Category:Cherokee]] This project is a sub-project of the Native Americans Project See [[Project:Cherokee_Tribe Cherokee Tribe]] Project

[email address removed] The goal of this project is to match existing pre 1750 profiles on wikitree to the people in this story. Its simple you read it. You see a name that has a profile, you edit this and create a link. These will help pre 1500 profiles too. So let's be accurate. Right now this project just has one member, me. I am [[Martin-32982|Dave Martin]]. [http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/patriots_nc_capt_joseph_martin_surry.html The American revolution north Carolina] adding also [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Southern_Pioneers This is a story of Southern_Pioneers] and military actions against the Indians in NC, Kentucky and Tennessee. Daniel Boone and family Cherokee connections. Bledsoe's settled ky and few more place's. * public viewable file shared by source on this site. This is for document query and linking people to already existing open profile. [http://files.usgwarchives.net/tn/smith/military/revwar/pensions/oglesby360gmt.txt Source] All copyrights observed under [https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/fair-use-rule-copyright-material-30100.html Fair Use' Rule:] Smith-Sumner County TN Archives Military Records..... [[Oglesby-235|Elisha Oglesby]] October 9, 1832 Revwar - Pension Virginia Militia ********* Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.net/tn/tnfiles.htm ********* File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by: Victor Oglesby [http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00016.html#0003880] Revolutionary War Pension Application Of [[Oglesby-235|Elisha Oglesby]] If you see a profile that needs linked here! Just message me with it! ---- Declaration for a Pension State of Tennessee Smith County {9/10/1832} On the ninth day of October in the year of our Lordship one thousand eight hundred & thirty two personally appeared in open court before the Judge of the Circuit Court now sitting a resident of Smith County State of Tennessee aged seventy three years December the 29th AD 1831 who being first duly Sworn according to law doth on his oath make the following Declaration, in order to obtain the benefit of an act of Congress passed 7th June [?] 1832. About the 1st of June 1776 he volunteered as a private in Washington County State of Virginia under [[bledsoe-107|Capt Isaac Bledsoe]] in a company which was raised for the protection of the frontier against the Indians, that he was stationed at Hustons [?] Fort in said county on mocason Creek one of the tributary Streams of Holston River until about the first of August AD 1776 we then marched to the long Ilands [?] of Holston and formed the army which was commanded by Col. Cristn he was not recruited [?] the field officers under Col. Cristn he was commanded by [[Bledsoe-107|Capt Isaac Bledsoe]] Young Ensign Cooper & Sergant Walker were the subordinate officers—the army marched from thence against the Cherokee nation of Indians passed through the Tellico Town and went to Iland Town and there encamped sometime and then destroyed it after which the army was marched back to the Long Iland of Holston where the companies commanded by [[bledsoe-107|Capt Isaac Bledsoe]] & Captan [[Martin-4368|Joseph Martin]] were stationed under the comma -nd of [[South_Carolina-1|Major Anthony Bledsoe]] were they continued in the Servis until the month of April 1777— Capt Martans brother [[Martin-30874|Brice Martin]] was his Liutenant and [[Martin-22956|john martin]] Ensign—making a servis of Ten months after which he was Discharged and returned to his former residence in Washington County Virginia—he does not recollect at this time whether he was regularly Discharged or not if he was he has lost his Discharge— In the month of Aprile 1777—he again volunteerd in Captain George Addams company of Guards and continued in Servis in sa[me?] company until the 1st of August in the Same year--& received no regular Discharge—making three months Servis—Lent—under Addams William Gill & John Frazer—Sometime in the Spring of 1778 Col Cambell issued an order to raise two companies to be sent to the assistance of Daniel Boon in Kentucky under the command of Majr Daniel Smith. George Addams and Reece Bowen was selected as the Capts of the two companies in May 1778 he volunteered under Capt George Addams Liut Henry Ramsey & Ensign Tillman Smith—we Rendesvouse at bigg Moccason gapp Washington County Virginia. Sometime in May from thence we marched to Boons Borough in Kentucky at which place we arrived a few days after the celebrated siege of that place by the Shawnee Indians and which was successfully Defended by Daniel Boon. we marched from thence to Harrodsburgh Kentucky—at which place we were stationed until the last of November from thence we were marched to Washington County Virginia and were Dismissed in December 1778—having been in the Servis between seven & eight months— he did not recave [sic] a regular Discharge— In the year 1779 he again volunteered in Capt James Montgomerys Company and Rendezvoused at the mouth of Bigg creek on Holston River— about the 1st of Marche 1779—under Col Shelby from thence we took water and went down Holston into the Tennessee River & on down to the Chickamauga Town all of which above the Suck we destroyed we had a great many scrumages with the Indians but no General engagement—from thence we marched back by land to hustons fort Washington County Virginia—where we was dismissed about the midle of of [sic] June 1779—after having performed a tour of about three & a half months the officers under Capt Montgomery was Lieut Danl Frazier Col Tipton of North Carolina was in this expedition and commanded the Carolina troops—In the year 1781 in the fall of said year an army was raised by Col Arlen Cambell to go against the old Cherokee Towns on the Tennessee River—Col Cambell being apprehens -ive that his force was not sufficiently strong sent an express to Capt Alaxander Barnett to raise a company & follow the army he [____] so I volunteered as a private under Capt Barnett and we overtook the army in the Cherokee nation at a town called Chestuee [?] on the approach of the army all the Indians fled we destroyed all their Towns and ranged through the Country we had frequent Scrumages but no general enguagement—we killed some Indians and took some prisnores—we lost but one man Capt James Elliott who was killed at Tellico—and a few wounded. we then destroyed Hiwassee Town on Hiwassee River—taking about twenty prisnors. we then returned to the long Iland of Holston where we ware Dismissed—he was on this Tour above Two months—he thinks that Col or [[Blount-179|Majr Blount of North Carolina was in this expedition]] This concludes applicants Servis making altogether a Servis of Two years one month and a half—he has no wrigtten evidences of his Servis he does not know whether his name can be found on the Rolls of the War department or not—that he resided in Washington County State of Virginia when he entered the Servis— after the close of the Revolutionary War in the year 1784—he removed from Washington County Virginia to what is now Sumner County Tennessee & in 1796 he removed to Smith County Tennessee where he has resided ever since—that he was born in Craven County South Carolina on the 29th December 1758—he has a record of his age at home in his Bible. I do herby relinquish evry claim what ever to a pension except the present and declare that my name is not on the Pension Roll of the Agency of any State. his Elisha (X) Oglesby Mark Sworn to and subscribed in open Court 9 Octob 1832 Willm. Hart, Clk I Richard Carr of Sumner County State of Tennessee do hereby certify that I was acquainted with Elisha Oglesby in Washington County State of Virginia during the Revolutionary War and do know of his Serving as a Soldier in the War Different tours as he has stated in the above declaration I do not know the particular term of time he served in each trip but believe it was as he has stated. his Richard (X) Carr Mark Sworn to & subscribed in open Court 9 Oct 1832 Hart, Clk. We John McGee & John Page, Leroy Cage, clergyman residing in Smith County hereby certify that we are well acquainted with Elisha Oglesby who has Sworn and Subscribed the above declaration for a Pension that we believe him to be Seventy three years of age that he is a man of good reput =ation & he is entitled to full credit on his oath & we believe him to have been a Soldier of the Revolution and that he served as he has stated in the above Declaration. Sworn to and subscribed John McGee in open Court 9 Oct 1832 John Page Hart, Clk. Leroy H. Cage And the said court do hereby declare their opinion after the investigation of the matter & after puting the interrogations prescribed by the War Department that the above named applicant was a soldier of the Revolution and served as he states And the court further certifies that It appears to them that John McGee & John Page who has signed the preceding certificate are Clergyman resident in Smith County and that Leroy Cage who has signed the same is resident in Smith County and is a creditable person and that their statement is entitled to credit. Newton [?] Williams judge &c State of Tennessee Smith County I do certify that my father [[Martin-3583|(gen) Joseph Martin]] raised a company of volunteers in Pitsylvania County State of Virginia in the year 1776 and went under the command of Col Cristn against the Cherokee nation of Indians & that [[Martin-30874|Brice]] & [[Martin-22956|john Martin]] ensign [sic] he is the same [[Martin-4368|Capt Joseph Martin]] referte by Elisha Oglesby in his Declaration for a Pension. Given under my hand the 9th October 1832, Wm. n. Sworn to & subscribed in open court 9th Oct 1832 Wm. Hart clk William Hart Clerk of the Circuit Court for Smith County do herby certify that the foregoing contains the original proceedings in the matter of the application of Elisha Oglesby for a Pension. In testimony where of I have here unto set my hand with seal of office the [sic] day of October A D 1832 Tennessee 3d Judicial Circuit October Term 1832 of the Circuit Court fo Smith County in the Circuit & State aforesaid. I William Hart clerk of the Circuit court for Smith County do hereby certify that the foregoing contained the original proceedings in the matter of the application of Elisha Oglesby for a Pension & that the declaration of said Elijah [sic] was subscribed and sworn to in open court. Also the accompanying certificates made by John McGee, John Page, Leroy H. Cage, & [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Martin-9641] William Martin were severally subscribed and sworn to in open court, and there- upon the court pronounced the opinion set forth herein. In testimony whereof I have here unto set my hand and affixed the seal of said Court at office in Carthage this 9th October 1832. Willm. Hart Additional Comments: Elisha Oglesby, born 29 Dec 1758 in Craven County, South Carolina, was a "long hunter" on the early colonial frontier, along with the likes of Daniel Boone, who is refernced in this pension application. He died 3 Oct 1845 and is buried in the family cemetery at Echo Springs, Tennessee. This is a verbatim transcription of the pension application on file at NARA and footnote.com, and is true to all punctuation and spelling. File at: http://files.usgwarchives.net/tn/smith/military/revwar/pensions/oglesby360gmt.txt This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.org/tnfiles/ File size: 10.2 Kb Will you join me? Please post a comment here on this page, in [https://www.WikiTree.com/g2g G2G] using the project tag, or [https://www.WikiTree.com/index.php?title=Special:PrivateMessage&who=15016970 send me a private message]. Thanks!

[[Category:Cherokee Team]] [[Category: Native American Genealogy Resources]] Other Cherokee pages: *https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Native_Americans:_Cherokee *https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Ancestor *https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Cherokee_Sources/Resources :'''Families and communities. ''' The Cherokee, along with most indigenous people, were matrilineal. During the 1600’s and 1700’s they lived in about 60 small agricultural communities spread over some 200 miles, each largely independent from its neighbors. Each community had its own headman (or chief) and other leaders, who were chosen by the community, not by descent. There was no central government. Clan relationships determined a person’s behaviors. Families were made up of women and other members of their clans. Women could not marry a person of their own clan, so in the Cherokee culture the biological father was not a blood relative. The men responsible for bringing up a boy were his mother’s brothers, and if she didn’t have brothers, other men of her clan who lived in her village took on the responsibility. While some couples had long-lasting marriages, marriage as we know it was not a Cherokee concept. A couple stayed together only as long as both were happy with the arrangement, and both men and women had children with multiple partners. :'''Cherokee names.''' Cherokee people did not have ‘surnames’, family names, or even given names as we know them. Although people had personal items like clothing, weapons, and household goods, land could not be owned and there was no concept of inheritance or descendance. A Cherokee person’s name could – and did – change over a lifetime and a Cherokee person might be known by multiple names at the same time. A person’s true name was usually known only to close family/clan members. A childhood name would be replaced by an adult name, usually associated with a significant event in the person’s life. A later event or a bout of illness often resulted in a new name. Men (and some women) might be known by a title based on their position in the village – i.e. ‘Raven’, ‘Mankiller’, or ‘Beloved Woman’. People had names used only at home, nicknames given by others, and English translations of their Cherokee names and titles. Starting in the middle of the 18th century, some mixed-blood Cherokee added the name of their biological white father to the mix and others adopted (or were given) the name of an admired white person. Missionaries gave people new names when they were baptized. Some 19th century Cherokee used patronymics in response to the request for a surname. The names we associate with early Cherokee people were recorded by whites who sometimes attempted to write them phonetically, sometimes wrote what they believed was an English translation of the name, and sometimes wrote down a title as a name. There was no standardized spelling at this time, even for English names and words, and Cherokee men often appear in a single record with different spellings of a name. :'''White Traders and their Families''' Trade between European colonists and local Indians began as soon as the settlers arrived. In many cases food provided by the Indians kept the settlers alive. Colonists soon learned that Indians could also provide valuable furs and deerskins. Regular trade with the Cherokee began about 1700, mostly from South Carolina. Since the Cherokee considered anyone who was not Cherokee to essentially be a non-person. white traders (also colonial government officials and British soldiers) often took Cherokee wives in order to gain status with the tribe. These partnerships lasted sometimes just for a season and sometimes longer. The Cherokee considered the children of any Cherokee woman to be Cherokee, with the father often of little importance, so most of these relationships and any resulting children are unrecorded. Some traders lived in the Cherokee Nation for long periods of time, established homes, and acknowledged their Cherokee children, even some of those who also had white families. By the time of the Revolutionary War some mixed-blood children were following the European custom of using their white father's name as a surname and we begin seeing those names in records. :'''Recordkeeping prior to the 1800’s.''' The Cherokee did not have a written language until 1821. Before then, everything written about the Cherokee was filtered through the eyes and ears of white people, very few of whom spoke or even understood the Cherokee language. Records of the Cherokee prior to 1800 consist solely of the journals, correspondence, and memoirs of white men, and the treaties and recorded actions of colonial and early American legislative bodies. There are no birth, marriage, death, church, or family Bible records. The only censuses taken in the 18th century were simple headcounts done by village. There are occasional rare statements by a Cherokee person included in historical records which mention a family relationship, but there are not many historical records relating to the Cherokee before 1750. The first whites to take an interest in Cherokees as families were the missionaries who arrived late in the 1790’s. '''Primary Sources (mostly transcripted or reprinted):''' *Adair, James. The History of the American Indians. London, 1775; reprint with introduction by Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr. Johnson, New York: Reprint Corp, 1968. digitized at GoogleBooks [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_the_American_Indians.html?id=df5SAAAAcAAJ Adair] *Alvord, Clarence Walworth, and Lee Bidgood. The First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians, 1650-1674. Cleveland, Arthur H. Clark, 1912. Includes account of Needham and Arthur, first whites to travel to a Cherokee town and return *Bartram, William. Travels in North America. New Haven, Yale University Press. digitized transcript at [https://www.docsouth.unc.edu/nc/bartram/bartram.html Bartram] *Bonnefoy, Antoine. Journal. Bonnefoy was a captive of the Cherokee in 1741-42. digitized transcript at [https://archive.org/details/travelsinamerica00mereuoft Bonnefoy] *Chicken, George. Journals 1715-1716 and 1725. digitized transcript at [https://archive.org/details/travelsinamerica00mereuoft Chicken] *Conversation between his Excellency the Governor of South Carolina and Chuconnunta a head man of the Cherokees Whose name formerly was Ouconecaw. Recorded by Richard Smith in 1756, transcript in the “Journal of Cherokee Studies” Vol. XXVI, pp. 15-23 (this is the man known as "Attakullakulla") *Cuming, Alexander. Journal of Sir Alexander Cuming. Transcript in Williams. *Grant, Ludovic. Historical Relation of the Facts. 1755. Transcript in the “Journal of Cherokee Studies” Vol. XXVI, pp. 2-23. *Herbert, John. Journal of Colonel John Herbert, commissioner Indian affairs for the province of South Carolina, October 17, 1727, to March 1727/8 transcript digitized at [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027782427&view=1up&seq=1 Herbert] *Timberlake, Henry The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake. Duane King, ed. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, N.C., 2007 *Williams, Samuel Cole. Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 1580-1800 Johnson City, Tennessee, Watauga Press, 1928 *Native Americans in Early North Carolina – ed. Dennis Isenbarger, published by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Department of Archives and History, 2013. Includes transcripts of primary documents from the 17th and 18th centuries. *Villainy Often Goes Unpunished – Indian Records from the North Carolina General Assembly Sessions 1685-1789. William L. Byrd, III, Heritage Books 2012. Transcripts of General Assembly records. *https://digitreaties.org/ *Calendar of Virginia State Papers *Colonial Records of North Carolina – multiple volumes published by the North Carolina Archives. *Colonial Records of South Carolina – multiple volumes published by the South Carolina Archives. Series 2 are the Indian Papers. *South Carolina Archives [https://scdah.sc.gov/research-and-genealogy/online-research SCDAH] has documents relating to early white traders Other references: *Brown, John P. ''Old Frontiers.'' Southern Publishers, Inc. Kingsport, TN 1938 *Conley, Robert. ''A Cherokee Encyclopedia.'' University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 2007; ''The Cherokee Nation, A History'' University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 2005. [Note: Conley’s books are easier to read than the more scholarly texts listed, but also are not as well-researched and contain more factual errors.] *Hoig, Stanley. ''The Cherokees and their Chiefs''. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville 1998 *Mooney, James. ''History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee.'' American Bureau of Ethnology 1891 & 1900, reprint Historical Images, Inc. Asheville, N.C. 1992 *Journal of Cherokee Studies. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, N.C.

[[Category:Cherokee Team]] [[Category: Native American Genealogy Resources]] [[Category:Cherokee]] Some other Cherokee free-space pages on WikiTree: * [[Space:Native_Americans:_Cherokee|Native Americans: Cherokee]] * [[Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Ancestor|Finding a Cherokee Ancestor]] *[[Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Freedman_Ancestor|Finding a Cherokee Freedman Ancestor]] * [[Space:Cherokee_Genealogy_before_1800|Cherokee Genealogy Before 1800]] * [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]] ===Censuses and Rolls=== The Cherokee are enumerated on numerous rolls and censuses from 1817 through 1929. Original records are at the National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs 1793-1999. Some original documents are digitized, transcripts of others are digitized. Some are only available on pay sites. #1817 Reservation Rolls - list of those requesting a 640-acre 'reservation' of land in the ceded eastern territory. Digitized at Fold3($), Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, beginning at [https://www.fold3.com/image/205336206 reservations], transcript available in book format: Baker, Jack D. transcriber. Cherokee Emigration Rolls 1817-1835. Baker Publishing Co., Oklahoma City, OK. 1977. Original Records: National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 75: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs 1793-1999. #1817-1835 Cherokee Emigration Rolls, lists of those who signed up to move West, muster rolls of some detachments. Head of household named. Not digitized. Transcribed at: Baker, Jack D. transcriber. Cherokee Emigration Rolls 1817-1835. Baker Publishing Co., Oklahoma City, OK. 1977. # 1835 census roll of Cherokee East of the Mississippi (sometimes called the "Henderson Roll" or the "Trail of Tears Roll"). Head of household named. Typewritten transcript digitized at: [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/345749-redirection 1835] Images of original at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/284332?availability=Family%20History%20Library original] #1848 Mullay Roll - census of 1517 Cherokee remaining in North Carolina. Digitized transcript at: [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/204447-redirection Mullay] Transcribed at: Blankenship Bob, transcriber. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1, Eastern Cherokee Rolls. Self-published. Cherokee, N.C. 1992. #1851 Old Settler Roll - every name payroll of Cherokee who came to Indian Territory before 1835. Digitized at FamilySearch [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/473280-index-old-settler-roll-1851?viewer=1&offset=0#page=3&viewer=picture&o=info&n=0&q= Old_Settler] #1851 Drennan Roll of Emigrant Cherokee - every name census of Cherokee who came to Indian Territory between 1835 and 1850. Digitized at Ancestry.com($) #1851 Siler Roll - Eastern Cherokee eligible for a per capita payment per 1850 act of Congress. Every name roll. Transcripted at [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125172432/http://members.aol.com/lredtail/siler.html Siler] also transcribed at: Blankenship Bob, transcriber. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1, Eastern Cherokee Rolls. Self-published. Cherokee, N.C. 1992. #1852 Chapman Roll - record of those who received payment based on Siler census with additions. Digitized at FamilySearch at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/479653-redirection Chapman] and ancestry.com ($) #1867 Tompkins Roll - first roll to include Freedmen, digitized at Ancestry.com ($) #1869 Swetland Roll - every name list of people on the Mullay roll and their descendants alive in 1869. Transcribed at: Blankenship Bob, transcriber. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1, Eastern Cherokee Rolls. Self-published. Cherokee, N.C. 1992. #1880 Cherokee Census - digitized at Ancestry.com ($) # 1883 Hester Roll - Roll of Eastern Band Indians, cross-referenced to Chapman roll. Digitized at FamilySearch, but must be viewed at FHL. Digitized at Ancestry.com ($) Transcribed at: Blankenship Bob, transcriber. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1, Eastern Cherokee Rolls. Self-published. Cherokee, N.C. 1992. #1890 Cherokee Census - digitized at Ancestry.com ($) #1890-1896 Wallace Roll, list of Cherokee Freedmen, searchable index at Access Genealogy [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/wallace-roll.htm Wallace], digitized at Ancestry.com ($) #1893 Cherokee Census - digitized at Ancestry.com ($) #1896 Cherokee Census - digitized at Ancestry.com ($) #1896-1905 Dawes Rolls - searchable index at [https://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes OHS], applications and supporting documents digitized at Ancestry.com($) and Fold3($). For additional information and links, see below #The 1907 '''Guion Miller/Eastern Cherokee Roll,''' is a list of ''applicants'' for a share of a four million dollar settlement for Cherokee people affected by Removal which was approved by Congress in 1906. Although some 90,000 people were named in the applications, only about 30,000 were actually Cherokee so it’s very common to find a rejected application. Some rejected applicants genuinely believed they had a Cherokee ancestor, but many applied under the direction of unscrupulous attorneys who often filled out the applications or provided false supporting affidavits for their clients. You must look at the actual application to see if the person was approved or rejected. All enrolled Cherokee and Cherokee descendants were eligible, except for the “Old Settlers” and their descendants. There was no residency requirement, but applicants had to prove they or their ancestors were listed on the 1851 Drennan Roll, the 1852 Chapman Roll, and/or the 1835 Cherokee census. Searchable index of applicants at [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/guion-miller.html archives]. Applications and supporting documents are digitized at FamilySearch (need application number to locate on film) at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/209173?availability=Family%20History%20Library applications] and are also digitized at Fold3 ($). All contain extensive genealogical information. #1908 Churchill Roll - certification of members of Eastern Band, includes rejected people. Digitized at FamilySearch [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2796818 Churchill] #"1924 Baker Roll." The final Roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina." This is the base roll for the Eastern Band. Digitized at FamilySearch, begins at image 92 [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS42-9H5J-W?i=92&cc=2796818&cat=266329 Baker] ; applications and supporting documents digitized at Ancestry.com ($) *'''Dawes Resources''' Additional information concerning the Dawes Final Rolls of the [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency#FIve_Civilized_Tribes|Five Civilized Tribes]] may be found on the following WikiTree pages: ** [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Final Rolls]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree ** '''Allotment records''' are digitized at FamilySearch at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1390101 Oklahoma Applications for Allotment Five Civilized Tribes] Maps which show the allotments can be found at [https://www.loc.gov/item/2011585467 Cadastral Atlas of the Cherokee Nation, 1909 Cherokee Nation Indian Territory Map] Muskogee, Okla.: Indian Territory Map Co, 1909 Map. Drafted 1889: John Olburg ===Other Cherokee records=== *Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee 1801-1835. Digitized at Fold3 (s), extracts transcribed in book form by Maybelle Chase, Taylor Library and Museum, Colcord, OK *Chase, Maybelle W., compiler. 1842 Cherokee Claims, multiple volumes, privately published. *Stricklin, Dawn, compiler. Cherokee Claims. National Archives and Records Administration Special File 154, Vol. 1 M574, Roll 32. Heritage Books, Westminster, MD. 2007 ===First-hand accounts === *[https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer Indian Pioneer Papers] oral history collection spans from 1861 to 1936. It includes typescripts of interviews conducted during the 1930s by government workers with thousands of Oklahomans regarding the settlement of Oklahoma and Indian territories, as well as the condition and conduct of life there. Consisting of approximately 80,000 entries, the index to this collection may be accessed via personal name, place name, or subject. digitized at *[https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/duke/ Doris Duke Collection, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries, Norman, Oklahoma] American Indian Oral History online provides access to typescripts of interviews (1967 -1972) conducted with hundreds of Indians in Oklahoma regarding the histories and cultures of their respective nations and tribes. Related are accounts of Indian ceremonies, customs, social conditions, philosophies, and standards of living. Members of every tribe resident in Oklahoma were interviewed. *Anderson, Brown, Rogers, eds., ''The Payne-Butrick Papers.'' University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2010. *King, Duane H., ed. ''The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake''. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, N.C. 2007 *Klinck and Talman, eds. ''Journal of Major John Norton''. The Champlain Society, Toronto, ON. 1970 The following are not specifically genealogical in nature, but include contemporaneous, first-hand accounts of interaction with Cherokee people: *Records of the Moravian Missionaries, originals (in German) at the Moravian Archives. *English Translations: *Crews & Starbuck, eds. ''Records of the Moravians Among the Cherokees''. Cherokee Heritage Press, Tahlequah, OK. Ten volumes *McClinton, Rowena, ed. ''The Moravian Springplace Mission to the Cherokees''. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 2007. Two volumes (contains some entries not included by Crews and Starbuck) *Other missionary records: *''The Brainerd Journal,'' Joyce and Paul Phillips, eds. University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ===Genealogy Books=== All of the following have some errors, names should be compared with other documentary sources. *Baker, Jack D. and Hampton, David K., ''Old Cherokee Families, Notes of Dr. Emmett Starr.'' Gateway Press, Baltimore, MD. 1988. *Bell, George Morrison.'' Genealogy of "Old & New Cherokee Indian Families."'' privately published, Bartlesville, OK. 1972 *Hampton, David K. ''Cherokee Mixed-Bloods.'' Arc Press of Cane Hill, Lincoln, Arkansas. 2005 *Shadburn, Don. ''Cherokee Planters in Georgia 1832-1838''. Cumming, GA. 1990. *Shadburn, Don. '' Unhallowed Instrusion.'' Cumming, GA. 1993. *Shadburn, Don & Strange, John. ''Upon Our Ruins'', Cottonpatch Press, Cumming, GA. 2012. *Starr, Emmet. ''History of the Cherokee Indians.'' Oklahoma Yesterday Publications edition, Tulsa, OK. 1979. Digitized edition at [https://archive.org/details/historyofcheroke00lcstar/page/n5 Starr] This is the first compilation of Cherokee genealogy, gathered in Indian Territory between 1890-1920. ===Other resources=== *Allen, Penelope Johnson. ''Leaves from the Family Tree''. Southern Historical Press. Easley, S.C. 1982 Genealogy articles on Tennessee families, including some mixed-blood Cherokee *Blackburn, King, Morton. ''Cherokee Nation: A History of Survival, Self-determination, and Identity.'' Cherokee Nation, 2018. General history of Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. *Finger, John. ''The Eastern Band of Cherokees 1819-1900''. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN. 1984 - very helpful in understanding the North Carolina Cherokee who remained after Removal *Tyner, James and Alice. ''Our People and Where They Rest.'' privately published, Norman, OK, 1971. 13 volumes, digitized at FamilySearch, detailed records and maps of Cherokee burial sites in Oklahoma *Warren, Mary B. & Weeks, Eve, ed. ''Whites Among the Cherokees.'' Heritage Papers, Athens GA 1987 transcripts of original documents from 1830's Georgia ===Reliable web sites=== *https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Starting_Native_American_Research *https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans *https://www.cherokee.org/all-services/tribal-registration/ *https://ebci.com/enrollment/ *https://www.ukb-nsn.gov/membership *https://www.cherokeeheritage.org/cherokeeheritagegenealogy-html/cherokee-family-research/ * Trail of Tears: https://www.nps.gov/trte/index.htm *http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/cherokee-tribe.htm Access Genealogy Cherokee Tribe *Gilcrease Museum Archives: https://collections.gilcrease.org/search/site/cherokee?f%5B0%5D=bundle%3Acollection&f%5B1%5D=bundle%3Aarticle&f%5B2%5D=im_field_department%3A688

[[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category:Cherokee Team]] '''Associated with the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]]''' ==Welcome to the Cherokee Team == This team is for those members of the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]] who are researching and working on profiles of Cherokee individuals or who have an historic interest in the Cherokee Nation. The scope of the team is pre-contact to present day. ==Team Links== *[https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Space:Native_Americans-1&public=1 Native Americans Space Page] *[[Space:Native Americans: Cherokee|Cherokee Space Page]] *[[Space:Cherokee_Sources/Resources|Cherokee Sources/Resources]] *[[[Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Ancestor|Finding a Cherokee Ancestor]]] *[[[Space:Cherokee_Genealogy_before_1800|Cherokee Genealogy before 1800]]] *[[[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]]] *[[Template:Cherokee_Clans|Cherokee Clans Template]] ''-- Please don't use the clan template unless 1. you know the individual's clan for certain, or 2. you understand how the matrilineal clan system works. It is a complex system and wrongly identifying a single individual's clan can potentially mess up a lot profiles.'' *[[Space:American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page|Native American Photo Page]] *[[Space:Native_Americans:_Trail_of_Tears|Trail of Tears Space Page]] ==Participants== '''Team leader: [[Parks-2399|Kathie Parks Forbes]] :If you're interested in participating in this project, please do the following ::1.Add the line [[Category:Cherokee Tribe Project]] to the text area of your profile page. This will add you to the list of participants on the [[:Category: Cherokee Team|Category Page]] . ::2.Add ''Cherokee_Tribe'' to your list of [[Special:Following|followed tags]]. That way you'll see all our discussions in your [https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/following G2G Feed]. ::4.Add your name to the list below, along with a note about what you're working on in this project right now. *[[Poncy-1|Duane Poncy]] - I am an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation (Oklahoma) and my goal is to document my ancestors, as well as related lines. As someone who has studied Cherokee history and culture, I am keen about the veracity of sources and clearing up misconceptions about the Cherokees and native Americans in general. *[[Wright-7062|Terry Wright]] - *[[Wagnon-63 | Brian Wagnon]]- citizen of the Cherokee nation of Oklahoma and working on ancestry in Oklahoma. *[[Chappell-633 | Darlene Cypser]] -- Adding profiles of relatives of Susan (Willis) Russell from sources found in research on her husband William Greeneberry Russell and Cherokees who went prospecting with him at the start of the Colorado Gold Rush; Also researching and adding my own Cherokee relatives. * [[Perkins-5593|Adrian Varney]] matching my husband to his Cherokee ancestors *[[Carroll-3959|Kimberly Spaulding]] - following my Cherokee ancestors through my Great Grandfather WJ Pryor. *[[Shelton-1487|Kenneth Shelton]] -- How do you know where you're going if you don't know where you have been? Just trying to put it all together. Trying to find my Cherokee ancestors. *[[Monday-93|Jim Monday]] - Looking to flesh out Cherokee heritage. Specifically looking for lineage of Nancy Adair that married Chalres Reese and then Alexander Mcpherson. Need to find her parents.... *[[Selman-334 | David Selman]] - Researching our families Cherokee ancestors connection. *[[Cloyd-172| Cindy Cloyd]] – Researching Cherokee ancestry and Family of Wahunsenacawh (Powhatan) *[[Parks-2399| Kathryn Parks]] – researching Cherokee ancestry and working on Myths & Legends; I am a citizen if Cherokee Nation, descendant of Nancy Ward and Ludovic Grant. I have been working with Cherokee genealogy for over thirty years and am most concerned with accuracy and documentation. *[[VanHorn-866| Steve VanHorn]] -- I'm a Citizen of the Cherokee Nation and have a keen interest in learning and passing on the true stories of my Cherokee ancestor's lives to my children and grandchildren. * [[Morton-7125|LaMyra Morton]] I work on Cordery/Rogers and under-represented families. Basically anywhere I see a need or can fill a gap. * [[McBrien-192|Matt McBrien]] == Team Goals == Any improvements you can make to the profiles of Cherokee people are welcome, but here are some specific goals we're working towards: * For each person: ** All duplicates merged into the final lowest profile ID number. (Remember: in the era before Cherokee adopted surnames, we use the "Last Name at Birth" field to record their tribe or nation-- i.e., Cherokee.) ** Sticker (or template if project protected) included on the page **All relevant categories are added **At least one documented source (Cherokee roll or census, historical document) is listed ** Parents are correct and documented ** Biography is cleaned up, free of any GEDCOM junk, Ancestry trees, etc., and ideally has an actual written biography. ** If person is on the Dawes Roll that information is included as: :Dawes Enrollee :Cherokee (category, e.g. By Blood, Freedman, etc.) :Dawes Card Number (number) == Project Sticker == The Native Americans Sticker should be used for profiles of members of the Cherokee tribe who do not require Native American Project Protection. The sticker should be entered below the == Biography== line. Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker |tribe=Cherokee}}
Result:

{{Native American Sticker |tribe=Cherokee}} ==Categories== ::[[Category:Cherokee]] [[Category:Cherokee Chiefs]] === Federally Recognized Cherokee Tribes / Nations === ::[[Category:The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Eastern Band]] ::[[Category:The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma]] === State Recognized Tribes === State-recognized "Cherokee" tribes are Native American Heritage Groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by a process established under assorted state government laws for varying purposes. They have no connection with, and are not recognized as Cherokee by any of the three Federally-recognized Cherokee tribes. ::[[Category:Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama]] ::[[Category:Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee]] === Seven Clans === ::[[Category:Cherokee Blue Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Long Hair Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Bird Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Paint Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Deer Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Wild Potato Clan]] ::[[Category:Cherokee Wolf Clan]] ===Other=== ::[[Category:American people of Cherokee descent]] ==Sub-Projects== :*[[Space:Rogers_family|Rogers Family Project]] == WikiTree Resources == :Remember a lot of questions can be answered by referring to the help pages link at the top right of pages. *[[Space:Native_Americans:_Cherokee|Space page: Cherokee]] *[[:Category:Styles_and_Standards|Styles and Standards]] Help with Styles and Standards *[[Project_protecting_and_merging|Project Protecting and merging]] Help on PPP and Merging *[[:Category: GEDCOM Help|Help with Gedcoms]] Gedcom Help and answers *[[Formatting|Formatting]] Help with formatting on a profile == Finding Your Cherokee Ancestors == Click [[Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Ancestor|'''here''']] for more information on searching for Cherokee ancestors. *See also: *[http://www.cherokee.org Cherokee Nation Web site] *[https://www.ukb-nsn.gov/ United Keetoowah Band web site] *[https://ebci.com/ Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians web site] *[https://language.cherokee.org/ Cherokee Language resources] *[https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=*:*&rows=20&offset=0&tabType=all&facet=true&facet.fields=oldScope,level,materialsType,fileFormat,locationIds,dateRangeFacet&highlight=true&f.parentNaId=251747&f.level=item&sort=naIdSort%20asc National Archives Cherokee Applications & Determinations with Blood Quantums listed_Actual Original Documents] *[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/300321?q=Five%20Civilized%20Tribes| Final Rolls Citizens and Freedmen of the 5 Civilized Tribes in Indian Country] *[https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/baker-roll.html 1924 Baker Roll] *[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/cherokee-tribe.htm Access Genealogy Cherokee Tribe] *[http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-584978-10464016?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Frd%2Fcjus.aspx%3Fkey%3DD1059&cjsku=D1059 US Indian Census 1885-1940] *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH014.html Oklahoma State: Cherokee Tribe] *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/I/IN015.html Indian Removal] *[https://go.fold3.com/native_americans/?xid=2045&s_kwcid=+cherokee%20+indians%20+genealogy&gclid=Cj0KCQjwp_DPBRCZARIsAGOZYBRE_fHci7kUUAMphga1_iX5sFoRtJvNxPG8e-OIHVbNzTEGBnoEKecaAqu2EALw_wcB Fold3 Cherokee] $ *'''Dawes Resources''' Information concerning the Dawes Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes may be found on the following WikiTree pages: ** [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Final Rolls]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree

This page should be deleted. Use the following instead: [[Project:Cherokee_Tribe|Cherokee Nation Team]]

[[Choctaw-173|Return To Main Profile]]
'''Confirmed and Refuted Family Relationships of Chief Moshulatubbee''' ---- '''Confirmed Spouse/Child''' Documentation as to the wives and children of Moshulatubbee has been found in first person reports of those who knew the family. It is certain that he had more than one spouse in a plural marriage. Below are the reported spouses, and the most likely children with each spouse. Care has been taken to create as accurate a listing as possible. However, this is not a definitive list and corrections are welcomed. Note Children's Surname: his children began to use the surname King at school age, the English translation of the title Miko given to a district chief. #Maleah #*[[Choctaw-168|Charles King]]Foreman, Grant, and John R. Swanton. The Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. pgs 49- 50Aiden C. Gibbs, Assistant Missionary/teacher at Elliot Mission, reports on children of Moshulatubbee to the American Baptist Board ca 1825, specific source pending. #*[[Choctaw-170|Peter King]] #*[[Choctaw-169|Susan (King) Cooper]] #*Girl King (died age 7 of burns as related by Susan King to niece [[King-52523|Lucy (King) Bohannan]]) #Onamaiya #*[[Choctaw-167|Hiram King]] #*[[Choctaw-171|James Madison King]] #*[[King-32165|McKee King]]Choctaw-Chickasaw Citizenship Court Case Files, Case 39. NARA 7RA324, Roll 13, OHS. #*[[Choctaw-341|Tecumseh King]] ---- '''Refuted Spouse/Child''' There seem to be three main sources online for the misinformation attaching the below spouses and children to Moshulatubbee. Each of these sources, although well intentioned, have a mixture of truth and assumption. The assumptions made by the authors are refuted by the facts available for each listed person. #[https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~clovispoint/genealogy/King1.htm King Of The Hill] #[https://www.geni.com/documents/view?doc_id=6000000013382965425 Choctaw Nation of Mississippi] - this is the title of the page the compiler created, it is not from an official Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians website #[https://www.geni.com/documents/view?doc_id=6000000014370755040 The Last Great Mingo] :'''Unconfirmed Child''' :Some evidence to suggest a relationship, but more likely a dependent or other near relative. :*[[Choctaw-172|Mary (?) Ellis]] aka Mary (King) Ellis - see linked profile (Maleah) :*[[Choctaw-340|Chompetima]] aka Kiamichi Colquhoun - see linked profile (Onamaiya) :'''Disproved Spouse/Child''' :See the notes with each entry or link to the profile for details. #Unknown Spouse: #*[[Witt-2304|Anne (Witt) Bottoms]] aka Ann Musholatubbee - see linked profile #*William Chubbee - see Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:William_McCary|William McCary]], claimed to be a "lost" child of Moshulatubbee. He wrote a controversial book in 1848 telling his story and "proving" his relationship. His claim has been debunked. #*Amosholatubbee Hattakiholitha - not found, likely a combination of his name and Iksa (clan) #*Barett King - b. 1836, N Carolina, son of James and Elender King #*Elias D King - see {{FamilySearch|L7WG-YWB}}, born Gwinnett Co., GA and later of Bradley Co., AR (bro of Wiley) #*[[King-37453|Hiram Anderson King (1813-1884)]] - see linked profile #*Rufus King - disproved, of the Quapaw and given the name at arrival to the [[Space:Choctaw_Academy|Choctaw Academy]] #*Thomas King - A name often listed as a son. Several are found in the era and proximity, but ages and historical contexts do not fit the family. #*Wiley King - see {{FamilySearch|MJJ8-4DZ}}, born Gwinnett Co., GA and later of Bradley Co., AR (bro of Elias) #*[[Tubb-117|Rebecca (Tubb) Williams]] aka [[Choctaw-337|Rebecca (Choctaw) Williams]] - see linked profiles #[[Graham-5607|Susannah Graham]] - see linked profile #*[[Lewallen-57|Anna Lewallen]] aka Ann Holiday - see linked profile #[[Jackson-36284|Penny (Jackson) King]] aka Captain Penny Nitakechi - see linked profile, 1850 census as wife of James King of Jackson Co., MS #*James King Jr.- 1850 census as child of Penny (Jackson) #*Sedy Lydia King - 1850 census as child of Penny (Jackson) #*[[King-37958|Jackson King]] - 1850 census next door to Penny (Jackson) #*Polly Jane King - known child of Penny (Jackson) #*John J King - known child of Penny (Jackson) ---- == Sources ==

[[Category:Choctaw]] [[Category:Choctaw Tribe Project]] [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] {{Image|file=US_Southern_Colonies_Spanish_La_Florida_WEST-7.jpg |caption=''Characteristick Chactaw Busts'' }} ==Welcome to the Choctaw Team == This team is for those members of the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]] who are researching and working on profiles of Choctaw individuals or who have an historic interest in the Choctaw People Nation. The scope of the team is pre-contact to present day. '''Team Members''' * [[Dreyer-373|Sjana Lee (Dreyer) Bauer]] * [[Kennedy-10564|James Kennedy]] * [[Prentice-1539|Ronald Prentice]] == Team Goals == Any improvements you can make to the profiles of Choctaw people are welcome, but here are some specific goals we're working towards: * For each person: ** All duplicates merged into the final lowest profile ID number. (Remember: in the era before the Choctaw adopted surnames, we use the "Last Name at Birth" field to record their tribe or nation-- i.e., Choctaw.) ** Sticker (or template if project protected) included on the page **All relevant categories are added **At least one documented source (Choctaw roll or census, historical document) is listed ** Parents are correct and documented ** Biography is cleaned up, free of any GEDCOM junk, Ancestry trees, etc., and ideally has an originally-written written biography. ** If person is on the Dawes Roll that information is included as: :Dawes Enrollee :Choctaw (category, e.g. By Blood, Freedman, etc.) :Dawes Card Number (number) == Project Sticker == The Native Americans Sticker should be used for profiles of members of the Choctaw tribe who do not require Native American Project Protection. The sticker should be entered below the == Biography== line. Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker |tribe=Choctaw}}
{{Native American Sticker |tribe=Choctaw}} Result:

==Categories== ::[[Category:Choctaw]] :: others? == Team Links == === Research Resources=== * [[Space:Choctaw_Resources|Choctaw Research Resources]] the main ''project resources page'' * [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Final Rolls]] page listing research links for finding enrolled members of the [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency#FIve_Civilized_Tribes|Five Civilized Tribes]]. See also: ** [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree * [[Project:Native_Americans|Native American Project Page]] and [[Space:Native_Americans_Project_Reliable_Sources|Native Americans Project Reliable Sources]] ===Notable Profiles=== :'''Note:''' Entries Appear Alphabetically * [[Barfoot-236|Van Barfoot (1919-2012)]] was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. * [[Space:Choctaw_Chiefs|Choctaw Chiefs]] index listing page on WikiTree with WikiTree ID links where available. **[[Okla_Falaya_Choctaw-1|Apukshunnubbee (1740-1824)]] **[[Moshulatubee-1|Mushulatubbee (1750-1838)]] **[[Choctaw-8|Pushmataha (1725-1824)]] * [[Colbert-1155|Czarina Madelaine (Colbert) Conlan (1871-1958)]] An American Indian historian, and the first woman to represent the Choctaw Nation in Washington D.C. * [[Hightower-500|Rosella Hightower (1920–2008)]] was an American ballerina who achieved fame in both the United States and Europe. * [[Oklahombi-1|Joseph Oklahombi (1895-1960)]] One of the original 19 Choctaw Code Talkers, recognized as Oklahoma's greatest war hero of World War I. * [[Stigler-147|William Grady Stigler (1891-1952)]] U.S. Representative from Oklahoma 2nd District, 1943-1952 * [[Victor-730|Wilma Victor (1919-1987)]] In 1971, Victor was appointed special assistant to Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton. At the time, she was the highest ranking Native American woman in U.S. Federal Government. She advised the secretary on Indian affairs.

[[Category:Scott County, Kentucky]] [[Category:Georgetown, Kentucky]] [[Category:Choctaw]] [[Category:Choctaw_Academy]] "On October 15, 1825, twenty-one boys left the Choctaw Nation for Choctaw Academy in Kentucky. The chiefs and leading men had successfully pushed for a school outside the Nation noted their departure with satisfaction and pride. Although several mission schools had been established in the Choctaw Nation, the Academy as an elite academic institution where promising youths would pursue advanced studies and acquire the skills needed to assume civic responsibilities in a Nation confronted by an expanding white population."Drake, Ella Wells. “Choctaw Academy: Richard M. Johnson and the Business of Indian Education.” The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, vol. 91, no. 3, 1993, pp. 260–297. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23382664. Accessed 28 Mar. 2020. ==Academy History== "In 1818, the Baptist Mission Society of Kentucky started the Choctaw Indian Academy at Great Crossings, Kentucky, located near Georgetown and [[Johnson-5003|(Richard Mentor) Johnson's]] home. The school soon failed, however, from a lack of funding. When some Choctaw Mississippi lands were ceded to the United States, the tribal leaders requested that some of the treaty money be used to fund educational initiatives. Therefore, they reached out to Johnson. The congressman, along with his brother-in-law, [[Ward-1819|William Ward]], the U.S. government agent for the Choctaw Nation in Mississippi, had the school restarted in 1821."Tim Talbott, “Choctaw Indian Academy,” ExploreKYHistory, accessed February 28, 2021, https://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/594. "By request of Choctaw leaders, the school was placed outside Choctaw lands. In doing so, Choctaw people could better control their own direct environment without foreigners living amongst them. The school for native children would still expose Choctaw children to the ways of Euro-Americans without putting them in an otherwise all-white school. ... The overwhelming push for education by the Choctaw people was strategic. Armed with the proper skills, the next generation of Choctaws would defend the people’s rights and lands going forward. Funded by the government money and sponsored by the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions, the Choctaw Academy began in 1825 and closed in 1845 with the last students leaving in 1848."“The Choctaw Academy: Investing in Future Choctaw Leaders.” Biskinik, Feb. 2018, https://www.choctawnation.com/biskinik/the-choctaw-academy-investing-in-future-choctaw-leaders/. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023. "The Choctaw Academy was the first racially integrated, non-military, secular school funded by the U.S. government. This was only the second school funded by the federal government, the first being West Point military academy..." - IIBEC.org [https://iibec.org/choctaw-academy-update/ Choctaw Academy Restoration Project] ===Academy Proponents=== * [[LeFleur-10|Greenwood (LeFleur) LeFlore]], Choctaw * [[Pitchlynn-6|Peter Pitchlynn]], Choctaw - 1840 appointed teacher and superintendent * [[Johnson-5003|Richard Mentor Johnson]], Kentucky ** U.S. Congressman and U.S. Vice President ** Provided buildings and grounds at his Blue Springs Farm to house the school ===Academy Students=== "The students of the Choctaw school’s day began with the beating of the drum calling them to the classroom. They opened class with singing and a prayer. At nine o’clock they were given a half an hour for breakfast. At 12 o’clock they dismissed for two hours. Later in the afternoon, they were give(sic) half an hour for dinner. School ended at sundown."“Not Just a Hunting Ground: Native Americans in Kentucky - Choctaw Academy.” Lex History, Lexington History Museum, https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142051/http://lexhistory.org:80/edu/not-just-hunting-ground-native-americans-kentucky-choctaw-academy Although the school was funded by the Choctaw, there were students from upward of twenty tribes educated during the years in operation. There may have also been some local students from the surrounding Kentucky families. After completing their course work most students returned to their homes, but some continued to advanced studies, several at nearby Transylvania University. Historian [[Thomas-57112|Carolyn Foreman]] who wrote a series of articles on the Academy and transcribed several lists of students who attended in the years 1829-1839. These were published in the Chronicles of Oklahoma: * [https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1826918/m1/51/ Vol VI, #4, December 1928 pp. 453-480, list of students 1829] * [https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1827100/m1/34/ Vol IX, #4, Dec. 1931, pp. 382-411, list of students 1834] * [https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1827131/m1/83/ Vol X, #1, March 1932, pp. 77-114, lists of students 1835, 1836, 1838, 1839] :'''Note:''' The names listed below are just a sampling from each year.
:'''Students 1825'''Foreman Carolyn, Chronicles of Oklahoma - Vol VI. #4, Dec 1928 pgs 453-480 https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1826918/m1/51/ *[[Wade-9497|Alfred Wade]]*, 17 *Jacob Folsom, 16 *Lyman Collens, 16 *John Riddle, 16 *[[Choctaw-170|Peter King]], 15 *Silas Pitchlynn, 15 *John Adams, 15 *[[Choctaw-171|James M King]], 14 *William Riddle, 14 *John Everson, 14 *Charles Jones, 13 *Lewis McCan, 13 *Daniel Folsom, 13 *[[Choctaw-167|Hiram King]], 13 *Robert Nail, 13 *[[Choctaw-168|Charles King]], 13 *Picken Wade, 12 *William McCan, 12 *Allen Kearney, 10 *Alexander Pope, 10 *Morris Nail, 8 *[[Harrison-22811|Zadoc Harrison]] *[[Harrison-15533|William Harrison]] :'''Students 1826''' * James Barbour 12 * George Durant 18 * Jackson Leflore 17 :'''Students 1827''' Foreman * Adam Christy 13 * David Folsom 16 * Lewis Garland 13 * James Henry 15 * David M Webster 13 * Simeon Wade 15 :'''Students 1828''' Foreman * George Harkin * [[Juzan-1|Pierre Juzan]] * [[Garland-3282|Samuel Garland]]* :'''Students 1829''' * [[LeFlore-9|Forbis LeFlore]] * David Wall * Daniel Folsom * Charles Jones * Peter King * [[Choctaw-171|James King]] :'''Students 1834''' * [[Bell-34778|Devereaux Jarrett Bell]] :*Appointed as Governor or elected as Chief of the Choctaw Nation. ==Preservation== {{Image|file=Choctaw_Academy.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=ca 1942 }} '''2025 Will Mark 200 Years''' from the start of the remaining Choctaw Academy structure being used for students of the school. ''"This is the oldest standing structure associated with Choctaw history that we’re aware of. Several of our chiefs were educated here.”'' - Ian Thompson, Choctaw Nation RepresentativeEvlen, Tom, Crumbling landmark tells a 'challenging story.' Now, Choctaw Academy will be saved. https://www.kentucky.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/tom-eblen/article213579309.html Lexington Herald Leader 21 Jun 2018 It is likely though that the building pre-dates this use. Johnson writes in 1825 about existing structures on his property for the use of the school. However, it is not clear if the remaining building is one he described or later purpose built. ''Johnson wrote to advise the (War) Department, 27 September, 1825,' that " . . I have a house with 3 rooms 20x30 feet which I shall appropriate exclusively to their accommodation. I have another house with four Rooms 20 feet square which will do for the Teacher to live in'' & ''one room for the school-the whole establishment will be within my own fences so that no time shall be lost;"''Oklahoma Historical Society. Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 6, Number 4, December 1928, periodical, December 1928; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1826918/: accessed March 18, 2023), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society. {{Image|file=Choctaw_Images.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=ca 2010's }} :'''RCI and RCIF Kick Off Choctaw Academy Initiative''' :By Tara Wilson :December 1, 2018 :Pictured on the cover of this month’s RCI Interface is the last remaining structure of what was once the Choctaw Academy in Georgetown, Kentucky. The Academy was the first federally funded, racially integrated, non-missionary, and non-military school for Native American boys in the U.S.—an institution that brought together students from 18 different tribes, enabling them to later champion for their people in a time when it was needed most. : * [https://iibec.org/choctaw-academy-kicked-off/ Continue Reading] * :'''Recent Choctaw Academy Preservation In The News'''
::READ|[https://www.news-graphic.com/news/grant-match-requested-for-choctaw-academy-restoration/article_c219affa-d4cf-11ec-9fc2-6b0f28999b5a.html Grant match requested for Choctaw Academy restoration] Georgetown News-Graphic 16 May 2022 ::::(update) [https://www.news-graphic.com/news/legal-document-potentially-makes-choctaw-grant-possible/article_e1909b78-3857-11ed-95c3-37d1cbdd5064.html Legal document potentially makes Choctaw grant possible] Georgetown News-Graphic 21 Sep 2022 {{Image|file=Choctaw_Academy-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=ca 2022 }} ::LISTEN|[https://www.weku.org/off-the-beaten-path-with-sam-dick/2022-11-23/saving-choctaw-academy Saving Choctaw Academy] WEKU Eastern, KY 23 Nov 2022 ::WATCH|[https://www.lex18.com/news/once-its-gone-its-gone-forever-efforts-underway-to-save-native-american-landmark?utm_source=Native+News+Online&utm_campaign=c1dc46d18d-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2021_11_24_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_dfd2540337-c1dc46d18d-137513675 'Once it's gone, it's gone forever': Efforts underway to save Native American landmark] LEX18 Lexington, KY 30 Nov 2022 ::WATCH|[https://www.wkyt.com/2022/12/04/saving-choctaw-academy-telling-its-story/ Saving Choctaw Academy, telling its story] WKYT Lexington, KY 4 Dec 2022 ==Resources== * Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Vol. 10, No. 1 1932 [https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1827131/m1/83/ The Choctaw Academy] pages 77 - 114 * VIDEO [https://youtu.be/m-g4BZLxX90 Choctaw Academy and RCI, Inc.] * Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson. By Christina Snyder. ( New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. xiv, 402. $29.95, ISBN 978-0-19-939906-2.) * Kentucky History: [https://explorekyhistory.ky.gov/items/show/594 Choctaw Indian Academy] * “The Choctaw Academy.” Kentucky Historic Institutions, 10 Dec. 2020, https://kyhi.org/the-choctaw-academy/. * Lexington History Museum (via Wayback Machine): [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142051/http://lexhistory.org:80/edu/not-just-hunting-ground-native-americans-kentucky-choctaw-academy Not Just a Hunting Ground: Native Americans in Kentucky - Choctaw Academy] PDF version no longer available. * The People of The Hunting Ground: [http://www.thepeopleofthehuntingground.com/choctaw_indian_academy.html Choctaw Indian Academy] * An alphabetized list of Choctaw students at the Academy (unsourced) [https://choctawspirit.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/list-choctaw-students-choctaw-academy.pdf HERE] 12 pages ==Sources==

[[Category:Choctaw]] [[Category:Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory]] [[Category:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma]]

'''Choctaw Chiefs'''

A list of Choctaw Chiefs, linked to their WikiTree ID (if created):
'''Historic Choctaw Chiefs''' *[[Okla_Falaya_Choctaw-1|Apukshunnubbee]] ** Okla Falaya ** served prior to1830
*[[Moshulatubee-1|Moshulatubbee]] {{Image|file=American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page-25.jpg |align=l |size=s }} ** Okla Tannip ** served 1830-1834 During Removal & 1834-1836 New District ** signer of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
*[[Pushmataha-2|Pushmataha]] {{Image|file=Choctaw_Detachment_of_Warriors.jpg |align=l |size=s }} ** Okla Hannali ** served prior to 1830



'''Notable Pre-Removal Chiefs''' * [[LeFleur-10|Greenwood LeFlore]] ** Okla Falaya ** signer of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek * [[Choctaw-162|Nitakechi]] (Nittucachee) ** Okla Hannali ** signer of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek '''Post Removal District Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory'''
Executive Department of the 1838, 1842 and 1850 [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Choctaw_Resources#Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma Choctaw Constitutions] :Moshulatubbee District *[[Moshulatubee-1|Moshulatubbee]] 1834–1836 *Joseph Kincaid 1836–1838 *John McKinney 1838–1842 *Nathaniel Folsom 1842–1846 *Peter Folsom 1846–1850 *[[McCurtain-23|Cornelius McCurtain]] 1850–1854 *David McCoy 1854–1857 :Apukshunnubbee District *Thomas LeFlore 1834-1838 *James Fletcher 1838-1842 *Thomas LeFlore 1842-1850 *[[Harkins-736|George Harkins]] 1850–1857 :Pushmataha District *[[Choctaw-162|Nitakechi]] 1834-1838 *[[Juzan-1|Pierre Charles Juzan]] 1838-1841 *Isaac Folsom 1841-1846 *Salas Fisher 1846-1854 *George Folsom 1850-1854 *Nicholas Cochnauer 1854-1857 '''Governors and Principal Chiefs of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma'''
Executive Department of the 1857 (Governor), 1860, 1979 and 1983 [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Choctaw_Resources#Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma Choctaw Constitutions] {{Succession box2 | title = | years = '''Chiefs
of the Choctaw'''1860—2020 | before ='''Historic Chiefs'''
[[Okla_Falaya_Choctaw-1|Apukshunnubbee]], [[Lewallen-58|Moshulatubee]] & [[Pushmataha-2|Pushmataha]] | after ='''Current Chief'''
Gary Batton }} ''The historic Chiefs of the Choctaw are represented by the three arrows on the Choctaw Seal.
These men were also memorialized in naming of the three original districts of the new Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory.'' ([https://www.okhistory.org/images/research/IT.Choctaw.pdf See Map])
:'''Note:''' The number to the left of each name does not represent the actual total of all Choctaw Chiefs, but rather is used here as a way to organize the list. #[[Wade-9497|Alfred Wade]] #* Governor 1857 #[[Walker-1493|Tandy Walker]] #* Governor 1858 #[[LeFleur-9|Basil Leflore]] #* Governor 1859 #[[Hudson-6745|George Hudson]] #* Elected 1860 #* First to hold title of Principal Chief #* Elected under the Doaksville Constitution #[[Garland-3282|Samuel Garland]] #* Elected 1862 #[[Pitchlynn-6|Peter Picthlynn]] #* Elected 1864 #[[Wright-42458|Allen Wright]] #* Elected 1866 #[[Bryant-13427|William Bryant]] #* Elected 1870 #[[Cole-21668|Coleman Cole]] #* Elected 1874 #[[Garvin-904|Isaac Levi Garvin]] #* Elected 1878 #[[McCurtain-24|Jackson F. McCurtain]] #* Elected 1880 #[[McCurtain-42|Edmund McCurtain]] #* Elected 1884 #[[McKinney-6567|Thompson McKinney]] #* Elected 1886 #[[Smallwood-1249|Ben Smallwood]] #* Elected 1888 #[[Jones-9885|Wilson N. Jones]] #* Elected1890 #[[Gardner-11809|Jefferson Gardner]] #* Elected 1894 #[[McCurtain-41|Green McCurtain]] #* Elected 1896 #[[Dukes-998|Gilbert Wesley Dukes]] #* Elected 1900 #[[McCurtain-41|Green McCurtain]] #* Elected 1902 #* Appointed by T. Roosevelt 1906 #* First Chief after Oklahoma Statehood #[[Locke-429|Victor Locke Jr.]] #* Appointed by Taft 1910 #[[Semple-638|William F Semple]] #* Appointed by Wilson 1918 #[[Harrison-18458|William Harrison]] #* Appointed by Harding 1922 #[[Dwight-658|Ben Dwight]] #* Appointed by Hoover 1929 #[[Durant-11|William Durant]] #* Appointed by F.D. Roosevelt 1937 #[[Belvin-177|Harry J. W. Belvin]] #* Elected/Confirmed by Truman 1948 #* Elected/Confirmed by Eisenhower 1954 #* Elected 1971 - return of direct elections #[[Gardner-14859|Clark David Gardner]] #* Elected 1975 #[[Roberts-35527|Hollis E. Roberts]] #* Elected 1978 #* Served under the 1979 Constitution #* Elected under the 1983 Constitution #[[Pyle-2306|Gregory E. Pyle]] #* Upon Roberts resignation 1997 #* Won subsequent reelections #Gary Batton #* Upon Pyle's retirement 2014 #* Won reelection 2015 #* [https://www.choctawnation.com/bios/chief/ Current Chief] '''Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians'''
Organized 20 April 1945 under Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 :''Historic Information Needed'' # Wesley Johnson # Ed Willis # Pat Chitto # Joe Chitto :''Post 20 April 1945'' # Emmett York #* Chairman # Calvin Isaac #* Chairman # Phillip Martin #* Chief - Served 1979 to 2007 # Beasley Denson #* Chief - Served 2007 - 2011 # Phyliss J. Anderson #* Chief - Served 2011 - 2019 # Cyrus Ben #* [http://www.choctaw.org/aboutMBCI/chief/index.html Current Chief elected 2019] '''Resources''' * Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: [https://www.choctawnation.com/history-culture/people/chiefs Chiefs] * Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians: [http://www.choctaw.org/ Main Page] * Wikipedia: [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Choctaw_chiefs List of Choctaw Chiefs] * WikiTree: [[Space:Choctaw|Choctaw]] page '''Linking to this Page''' * To refer to this page in the text of another WikiTree page, enter the following code in the text: :::[[Space:Choctaw_Chiefs|Choctaw Chiefs]] * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|List of WikiTree profiles linking to this page.]]

[[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Choctaw_Code_Talkers|WikiTree Profiles Linked To This Page]]
[[Category:Choctaw]] [[Category: Choctaw Code Talkers]] [[Category:Native Americans in World War I]] [[Category:Native Americans in World War II]] {{Image|file=Choctaw_Code_Talkers-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=Dedicated 1995 }} '''The Choctaw Telephone Squad served in the United States Army during World War I as members of the 141st, 142nd and 143rd Infantry of the 36th Division. Each man had been born in the Choctaw Nation and was a fluent speaker of the language. Deployed in theatre to relay communications using Choctaw in place of regular military code, messages could be transmitted regardless if the radio was overheard or the telephone lines were tapped. The first official combat test took place on 26 Oct 1918 leaving the enemy filled with great surprise. The success was repeated a generation later during World War II and the pseudo-military term "Code Talkers" was coined in that era.''' ---- [[Bloor-215|COL Alfred Wainright Bloor (1876-1952)]] reported in February 1919 (excerpt below, [[Space:Oklahoma_in_The_Great_War|entire text]]) :''While comparatively inactive at Vaux-Champagne, it was remembered that the regiment possessed a company of Indians. They spoke twenty-six different languages or dialects, only four or five of which were ever written. There was hardly one chance in a million that Fritz would be able to translate these dialects, and the plan to have these Indians transmit telephone messages was adopted. The regiment was fortunate in having two Indian officers who spoke several of the dialects. Indians from the Choctaw tribe were chosen and one placed in each P.C.'' :''The first use of the Indians was made in ordering a delicate withdrawal of two companies of the 2nd Bn. [Battalion] from Chufilly to Chardeny on the night of October 26th. This movement was completed without mishap, although it left the Third Battalion, greatly depleted in previous fighting, without support. The Indians were used repeatedly on the 27th in preparation for the assault on Forest Farm [Ferme]. The enemy's complete surprise is evidence that he could not decipher the messages.'' {{Image|file=Choctaw_Code_Talkers.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=Table of Substitutions }} :''After the withdrawal of the regiment to Louppy-le-Petit, a number of Indians were detailed for training in transmitting messages over the telephone. The instruction was carried on by Liaison Officer Lieutenant [Templeton] Black. It had been found that the Indian's vocabulary of military terms was insufficient. The Indian [term] for "Big Gun" was used to indicate artillery. "Little gun shoot fast," was substituted for machine gun, and the battalions were indicated by "one, two, and three grains of corn." It was found that the Indian tongues do not permit verbatim translation, but at the end of the short training period at Louppy-le-Petit, the results were very gratifying, and it is believed, had the regiment gone back into the line, fine results would have been obtained. We were confident that the possibilities of the telephone had been obtained without its hazards.'' :::A.W. Bloor,
:::Colonel 142d Infantry
:::Commanding. ---- {{Image|file=Army_Insignia-2.png|align=c|size=s}} Ranging in age from nineteen to thirty-three years of age, all but one of the Code Talkers were from the [[Space:36th_Infantry_Division|36th Infantry Division]].
{{Image|file=Choctaw_Code_Talkers-2.jpg |align=l |size=150 }} In 1986 the Choctaw War Memorial was erected at the Choctaw Capitol Building in Tuskahoma, Oklahoma. It includes a large section of granite dedicated to the Choctaw Code Talkers. Nineteen names appear on the marker. One from the 1st Division, 16th Regiment. Eighteen members from the 36th Division: 1 from the 141st, 15 from the 142nd, 1 from the 143rd and 1 from the 144th, These men earned immortality as “Code Talkers.”
::{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" width="60%" |+ '''World War I''' |- ! Dvision !! Regiment !! Name !! Memorials !! Notes |- |1st||16th || [[Leader-677|CPL Otis Wilson Leader (abt.1882-1961)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | 36th || 141st || [[Oklahombi-1|PFC Joseph Oklahombi (1895-1960)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | 36th || 142nd || [[Billy-2|PFC Albert Leon Billy (1885-1959)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Bobb-139|PVT Mitchell Bobb (abt.1895-abt.1922)]]* || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd ||[[Carterby-9|PFC Ben Anderson Carterby (1893-1953)]]* || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Colbert-1358|Ben Colbert (abt.1895-)]] || No & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Davenport-7627|PFC George Edwin Davenport Jr. (1887-1950)]] || 86 & 95 || half-brother to Joseph |- | || 142nd || [[Davenport-7625|PVT Joseph Harvey Davenport (1892-1923)]] || 86 & 95 || half-brother to George |- | || 142nd || [[Durant-1611|PVT Jonas Durant (abt.1886-)]] || Not Listed || |- | || 142nd || [[Edwards-32638|CPL James Morrison Edwards (1898-1962)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Frazier-4783|CPL Tobias William Frazier Sr (1892-1975)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Hampton-4980|PVT Benjamin Wilburn Hampton (1892-1963)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Johnson-110041|PFC Noel Johnson (1892-)]] || 86 & 95 || KIA buried overseas |- | || 142nd || [[Louis-598|CPL Solomon Bond Louis (1899-1972)]]* || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Maytubby-13|CPL Peter P. Maytubby (1892-)]]* || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Taylor-78853|Robert Taylor (1894-1941)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Veach-496|CPT Charles Walter Veach (1884-1966)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | || 142nd || [[Wilson-85200|PFC Calvin Wilson (1895-1972)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | 36th || 143rd || [[Brown-127948|CPL Victor J Brown (abt.1893-1966)]] || 86 & 95 || |- | 36th || 144th || [[Wilson-113315|Jeff 'Nelson' Wilson (1896-1930)]] || 86 & 95 || |} ::{|class="wikitable" cellpadding="3" width="60%" |+'''World War II''' |- |[[Baker-52159|PFC Forrester Baker (abt.1920-?)]] |- |[[Billy-136|2LT Schlicht Billy (1920-1994)]] |- |[[Perry-21413|PVT Andrew Perry (1920-1944)]] |- |[[Pickens-1608|SGT Davis Pickens (1922-1944)]] |} :*These men were involved with the experiment proving the idea that using the Choctaw language as code had merit. It was Mitchell Bobb in the field who relayed the test message to Ben Carterby at HQ. '''Recognition'''
* July 28, 1982 By the President of the United States of America (Ronald Reagan) - [https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/proclamation-4954-national-navaho-code-talkers-day Proclamation 4954] National Navaho Code Talkers Day, August 14 (each year), honors all tribes who provided Code Talkers. * On November 3, 1989, the French government and the State of Oklahoma bestowed the Chevalier de L'Order National du Merite (Knight of the Order of National Merit), posthumously to the World War I Choctaw Code Talkers. * Over the years the Oklahoma Indian Code Talkers have been honored at tribal, state, and national celebrations. Efforts to identify and gain federal recognition for all American Indian Code Talkers led to the Code Talkers Recognition Act, signed into law in November 2008 by Pres. George W. Bush.
**United States Mint [https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/medals/native-american-code-talkers/choctaw-nation Code Talkers Recognition Congressional Medals Program: Choctaw Nation (Oklahoma)] *Choctaw Code Talkers Bridge Naming Program Act [https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/2020/title-69/section-69-1600-2 2020 Oklahoma Statutes Title 69. Roads Bridges and Ferries §69-1600.2.] Twenty-three Oklahoma bridges renamed to honor Choctaw WWI and WWII heroes. == Resources == '''Online:'''
*Choctaw Nation: [https://www.choctawnation.com/history-culture/people/code-talkers Code Talkers] **Choctaw Code Talkers|Telephone Warriors, Choctaw Nation Historic Projects, 4th Ed, 2021 [https://www.choctawnation.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/code-talkers-educational-booklet.pdf Code Talkers Booklet] PDF ** Toews, Christian. “[https://www.choctawnation.com/biskinik/code-talker-monument-dedicated-in-broken-bow/ Code Talker Monument Dedicated in Broken Bow.]” Biskinik, Dec. 2022 ** Reprint of Article [https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/choctaw-code-talkers/ Choctaw Code Talkers] ''Bishinik'', August, 1986 *Oklahoma Historical Society: [https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CO013 Code Talkers] *Oklahoma History Center: [https://www.okhistory.org/historycenter/militaryhof/inductee.php?id=19 Choctaw Code Talkers] *Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Choctaw_code_talkers|Choctaw Code Talkers]] *Wikitree: [[Space:Oklahoma_in_The_Great_War|Oklahoma In The Great War]] *WWI Centennial Commission [https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/american-indians-in-ww1-code-talkers.html Code Talkers] *The National WWII Museum: [https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/american-indian-code-talkers American Indian Code Talkers] *History.com [http://www.history.com/news/world-war-is-native-american-code-talkers Great War Code Talkers] *BBC News Magazine: [http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26963624 Choctaw Code Talkers] *worldwar1.com [http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/j_oklah.htm Joseph Oklahombi] *Texas Military Forces Museum: [http://www.texasmilitaryforcesmuseum.org/choctaw/codetalkers.htm Choctaw Code Talkers] '''Print:'''
*Meadows, William C. First Code Talkers: Native American Communicators in World War I. University of Oklahoma Press, 2021. '''Video:'''
*Choctaw Nation TV [https://youtu.be/sskGy3q5wpI WWI Choctaw Code Talkers] (YouTube) Runtime 03:04 *PBS: [https://youtu.be/N4TQvE_4xME Excerpt from the American Experience: The Great War -- Choctaw Code Talkers] (YouTube) Runtime 04:03 *IMDB [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1886495/ Choctaw Code Talkers] (2010) 56 minutes [https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/amzn1.dv.gti.3aae65ea-1dde-5c71-6ea5-f45b0b0c6158?ref_=imdbref_tt_wbr_pvt_aiv&tag=imdbtag_tt_wbr_pvt_aiv-20 Watch on Amazon Prime($)] **Synopsis: In 1918, not yet citizens of the U.S., Choctaw members of the American Expeditionary Forces were asked to use their Native language as a powerful tool against the German Forces in World War I, setting a precedent for code talking as an effective military weapon and establishing them as America's original Code Talkers. *Great Big Story [https://youtu.be/OsPVzBXzjqY The Native American Code Talkers Who Helped Win WWI] (YouTube) Runtime 01:57

[[Category:Choctaw Trail of Tears]] [[Category:Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory]] '''Register of Choctaw Emigrants to the West 1831 and 1832'''
* complied by Betty C. Wiltshire * published by Pioneer Publishing Co. Carrollton, MS 1993. * Inline Citation Example:
Wiltshire, Betty Couch, ''[[Space:Choctaw_Emigrants|Register of Choctaw Emigrants to the West 1831 and 1832]]'' Pioneer Publishing Co. Carrollton, MS 1993 To find this book for your own research, use WorldCat [https://www.worldcat.org/title/register-of-choctaw-emigrants-to-the-west-1831-and-1832/oclc/49827304&referer=brief_results (pre-filtered search for this title)] the world's largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. ---- '''Description'''
A soft bound volume containing 162 pages including: Table of Contents, Introduction, and Index. Note that the Index is limited to Heads of Family and Surnames only. The last paragraph of the Introduction provides context for the records contained in the book. {| width="50%" border="0" |+ '''Introduction''' |- |The information in this book was copied directly from microfilm, Roll #RG 75, at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Volume 5 of this registration, which had some of the Horse Prairie Depot emigrants listed, was not availalbe; but even so, the registration contains over 3600 names of Choctaws and their slaves, who survived the emigration to the west during 1831 and 1832. |} The scope of the included data is limited to those arrivals in late 1831 and early 1832, including arrival locations: * [[wikipedia:Fort_Towson|Fort Towson Depot]] ~ pages 9 - 69 * [[wikipedia:Miller_Court_House,_Oklahoma|Old Miller Court House Depot]] ~ pages 70 - 84 * Horse Prairie Depot ~ pages 86 - 118 * Mountain Fork Depot ~ pages 119 - 152 The transcriptions end on page 152 with the following dated transmittal: {| width="80%" border="0" |Fort Towson - 10 July 1832 ''Agreeably to your instruction I have herewith enclosed a copy of my Register of Emigrant Choctaws. It includes all who have emigrated with the exception of those who have located near Forth Smith.'' ~Signed J. R. Stephenson |} Each page offers a listing of names along with their age, height, gender and if they were a slave. {{Image|file=Choctaw_Emigrants-1.jpg |align=c |size=l |caption=Example Page - Original Not Redacted }} '''Example Table'''
The number of rows may be adjusted to fit the number in the arrival party. {| width="80%" border="1" |+'''Register of Choctaw Emigrants to the West 1831 and 1832''' |+'''Fort Towson Depot''' !Page !No !Name !Years of age !Feet !Inches !Male !Female !Slaves |- |33 |1 |Mr. Exmaple |45 |5 |8 |Do | | |- |33 |2 |Mrs. Example |35 |5 |5 | |Do | |- |33 |3 |Example Male |20 |5 |10 |Do | | |- |33 |4 |Example Female |17 |5 |6 | |Do | |- |33 |5 |Example Female |15 |5 |5 | |Do | |} '''Miscelanous'''
Volumes 1 - 7 cover these dates: *Vol 1 1831 1832 pg 8 *vol 2 1832 pg 32 *vol 3 1832 pg 53 *vol 4 nd *vol 5 ??????? *vol 6 nd *vol 7 1832 pg 127

[[Category:Choctaw]] '''Consider joining the [[Project:Choctaw_Nation|Choctaw Nation Project]], a sub-project of [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans]]. Also see the main [[Space:Choctaw|Choctaw Project]] page''' ---- ===Maps=== {{Image|file=US_Southern_Colonies_Spanish_La_Florida_WEST-4.jpg |align=c |size=m |caption=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi }} {{Image|file=Profile_Photo_s-278.jpg |align=c |size=m |label=Map Showing Lands of the Five Tribes |caption=Choctaw Lands }} {{Image|file=American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page-1.png |align=c |size=m |caption=Choctaw Nation - Indian Territory }} {{Image|file=Photos-878.png |align=c |size=m |caption=Five Civilized Tribes Removal Routes }} {{Image|file=Dawes_Rolls-1.jpg |align=c |size=m |caption=Indian Territory 1891 }}

[[Category:Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory]] [[Category:Quakers]] [[Category: An Gorta Mór]] '''The Choctaw people's 1847 gift to the Irish in response to the 'an Gorta Mor' (Great Hunger)''' ---- The Choctaw Nation and the people of Ireland have a long and storied history. Although separated by thousands of miles, these two nations are forever entwined because of a small act of kindness nearly two centuries ago. Potatoes served as a primary food source for almost half the population of Ireland, but primarily the rural poor. More than a million people died during the 'Great Hunger' in Ireland when their potato crops were decimated. Another two million left the country when the potato crops failed in successive years. Related Page: [[Space:An_Gorta_Mor|An Gorta Mor]] "In March of 1847, a group of Choctaw people met to raise money for the starving poor in Ireland. The Choctaw people had received word about the dire situation of the Great Potato Famine and simply could not stand by and not help. The Choctaws pooled together $170 which was sent first to the Memphis Irish Relief Committee, then to the General Irish Relief Committee of the City of New York. The $170 would be worth around $5,000 in today’s economy."Toews, Christian, Choctaw Nation Website, Bond Remains Strong Between Choctaw and Irish, https://www.choctawnation.com/bond-remains-strong-between-choctaw-and-irish, - By Christian Toews '''A Remarkable Gift'''
Impressively, it was groups who were themselves poor that proved to be most generous in relative terms. One of the most remarkable donations to Ireland was made by people who were themselves disenfranchised, impoverished and marginalized. [[Armstrong-20890|Captain William Armstrong]], the Indian agent near Fort Smith in Arkansas, sent $10, ‘a large portion of which was contributed by our red brethren of the Choctaw nation’. This donation was reported in sections of the American press. [[Van_Schaick-225|(Mynert) Van Schaick]], when writing to the committee in Dublin at the end of May referred to the donation from ‘the children of the forest, our red brethren of the Choctaw nation’. On 21 May, the New York committee recorded receipt of $170 from Captain Armstrong, noting again, ‘A large portion of the sum was contributed by our red brethren of the Choctaw nation’. Their generosity was reported in the Irish newspapers in June."Kinealy, Christine. Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: the Kindness of Strangers. Bloomsbury, 2014. page 104 - Christine Kinealy, ''Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland'' "The Choctaw people have a history of helping others. Only 16 years after they began their long, sad march along the Trail of Tears, the Choctaws learned of people starving to death in Ireland. With great empathy, in 1847 Choctaw individuals made donations totaling $170, the equivalent of several thousand dollars today, to assist the Irish people during the famine. It was an amazing gesture. Though they had meager resources, they gave on behalf of others in greater need." - Judy Allenhttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2018/03/16/choctaw-nations-gift-irish/ :'''Listen:''' Allison Herrera reports on PRI's program, The World - [https://www.pri.org/node/182003/ The Choctaw of Oklahoma stepped up to help the Irish during the potato famine], 18 Mar 2019, Run Time 03:20 '''Lasting Ties and Kindred Spirits'''
Over the last 170 years, the Irish have remembered this sudden gesture of generosity from distant strangers. Just before St. Patrick’s Day 2018, Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Leo Varadkar announced an Irish scholarship program for Choctaw youth. As the BBC reported, Varadkar addressed the Choctaw Nation in Oklahoma. “A few years ago, on a visit to Ireland, a representative of the Choctaw Nation called your support for us ‘a sacred memory’,” he said. “It is that and more. It is a sacred bond, which has joined our peoples together for all time. Your act of kindness has never been, and never will be, forgotten in Ireland.”Frost, Natasha, Altas Obscura, Why the Choctaw People Sent Their Meager Funds to Ireland https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/why-did-choctaw-donate-ireland, 21 Mar 2018 - Atlas Obscura {{Image|file=Choctaw_Ireland_Famine_Relief.jpg |caption=Kindred Spirits (sculpture) }} Kindred Spirits, a large stainless steel outdoor sculpture, is a tribute to the Choctaw people. Commemorating the 1847 donation of $170 (2015 $5,000) the sculpture consists of nine 20-foot eagle feathers in a circle, forming a bowl shape to represent a bowl of food. Completed in 2015, it sits in Bailic Park in County Cork, Ireland. Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindred_Spirits_(sculpture) Kindred Spirits (sculpture)] == Sources == See Also: * Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: [https://www.choctawnation.com/search/node?keys=ireland Keyword Search = Ireland] * Great Warriors Path Blog: [http://greatwarriorspath.blogspot.com/2016/05/the-choctaw-nations-assistance-during.html The Choctaw Nation's Assistance During Irish Potato Famine-1847] * Gift of the Heart, Choctaw Journeys Into The Past Posted on February 14, 2024 https://choctawspirit.wordpress.com/2024/02/14/choctaw-gift-of-the-heart/

[[Category:Choctaw]] '''Consider joining the [[Space:Choctaw|Choctaw Team]] of [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans]]. ----

'''Welcome to the Choctaw Resources Page'''

==History and Culture== The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from what is now the southeastern United States (parts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi). Known to themselves as the "Chahta" (or Chata depending on dialect), early encounters with Europeans began with Spanish explorers in the mid-16th century. As time passed, and non-native settlement encroached on their lands, a succession of treaties with the occupiers left them with little choice but to assimilate, find sanctuary, or relocate. Although some remained, the majority of Choctaw migrated en masse to new lands west of the Mississippi river. This Removal has been called the Trail of Tears and was a low point in the history of this proud people. Many decades of hardship followed, including allotment of their lands into individually owned parcels. However, 150 years on from Removal, the Chahta are once again a strong and vibrant self-governing people. Even the small remnant who chose not to leave now have self-determination once again. The resources linked here will assist you in learning about Choctaw history and culture, and in researching your own Chahta ancestry. ==Pre Removal== ===Origins=== :'''Nanih Waiya''' :Built by the ancestors of the Choctaw, the site plays a central role in the tribe's origin stories and is considered the heart of the Choctaw people. A long, raised embankment once enclosed the site where this large rectangular platform mound, measuring 25 feet high, 218 feet long, and 140 feet wide, is maintained in a (Mississippi) state park. * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Nanih_Waiya|Nanih Waiya]] * National Parks Service: [https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/mounds/nan.htm Indian Mounds of Mississippi] * Mississippi Encyclopedia: [https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/waiya-nanih/ Nanih Waiya] ===Language=== :"Choctaw is a Muskogean language of the American Southeast, particularly Mississippi and Alabama. It is very closely related to Chickasaw and many linguists consider the two dialects of a single language. There are around 10,000 speakers of Choctaw today (and another 1000 Chickasaw speakers), most in Oklahoma, where the Choctaw tribe was forcibly relocated in the 1800's. Like other Muskogean languages, Choctaw is a language with morphologically complex verbs and SOV (subject–object–verb) word order." :Prior to 1821 and the arrival of Revered [[Byington-316|Cyrus Byington]], a white missionary, the Choctaw language was not in written form. Byington set out to be proficient in the language and able to preach without an interpreter. He and his wife Sophia (Nye) Byington also sought a way to teach Choctaw children in their own language. Though Byington had assistance from fellow missionaries, most of the credit for the written Choctaw language belongs with him. * Native Languages.org [http://www.native-languages.org/choctaw.htm Choctaw] * Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma [https://www.choctawnation.com/cyrus-byington Cyrus Byington - Missionary and Choctaw Linguist] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Muskogean_languages|Muskogean Languages]] * Center For Applied Linguistics: [http://www.cal.org/heritage/pdfs/heritage-voice-choctaw.pdf heritage-voice-choctaw.pdf] (Archived "Heritage Voice Collection") * Indian Tribes and Languages of the Southeast: [http://www.native-languages.org/choctaw.htm Choctaw Indian Language] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/choctaw/choctawdialect.htm Choctaw Dialect] * [[Space:Choctaw_Resources#Military Involvement|Choctaw Code Talkers]] ''project resources page'' ===Treaties=== * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:List_of_Choctaw_treaties|List of Choctaw treaties]] :'''Doak's Stand 1820''' :Purpose: Exchanged cession in Mississippi for parcel in Arkansas and prepare the Choctaws to become citizens of the United States * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Doak's_Stand|Treaty of Doak's Stand]] signed 18 Oct 1820 :'''Dancing Rabbit Creek 1830''' :Purpose: Removal and granting U.S. citizenship * U. S. Treaties, etc. Andrew Jackson, 1830. Library of Congress, 8 pages, https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.23000400/?sp=1&st=gallery * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek|Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]] signed 27 Sep 1830 * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/treaty-of-dancing-rabbit-creek.htm Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek] ** Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/treaty-of-september-27-1830.htm Complete Treaty Language for the Treaty of September 27, 1830 with the Choctaw] ===Education=== * [[Space:Choctaw_Academy|Choctaw Academy]] 1825-1842 located on the Kentucky property of U.S. Congressman and future U.S. Vice President [[Johnson-5003|Richard Mentor Johnson]] with funding through proceeds of the Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820. ==Removal== :Following the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, between 1831 and 1835 more than 10,000 Choctaw men, women and children made the forced journey from Mississippi to Indian Territory. The harsh conditions and treatment along the route resulted in some 2,500 deaths and is remembered as the ''Trail of Tears''. :In his final report on the removal, George Gaines wrote Lewis Cass, ''"in the three years of removal, we have transported more than 6,000 Choctaws from Mississippi to the new Choctaw Nation in the West."'' Actually, the figure was from 1500 to 2000 more than Gaines had estimated in his report to Cass. By Jan. 1, 1834, there were from 7,500 to 8,000 Choctaws residing in the new western lands.
~Len Greenwood - ''Bishinik'', March 1995 ===Choctaw Trail of Tears=== * [[Space:Trail_of_Tears|Trail of Tears Team]] of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]] * ''[[Space:Choctaw_Emigrants|Register of Choctaw Emigrants to the West 1831 and 1832]]'' - Wiltshire, Betty Couch, Pioneer Publishing Co. Carrollton, MS 1993 * History.com: [http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears Trail of Tears] * ushistory.org: [http://www.ushistory.org/us/24f.asp The Age or Jackson: 24f. The Trail of Tears — The Indian Removals] * Univ or Arkansas Little Rock: [https://ualrexhibits.org/trailoftears/indian-removal/choctaw-removal-chronicle-1830-1849/ Sequoyah Research Center] - Choctaw Removal Chronicle, 1830-1849 * Crystal, Ellie personal blogsite: [http://www.crystalinks.com/trailoftears.html The Trail of Tears] ==Post Removal== ===Education=== * [https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CH049 The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: Choctaw Schools] To further the work of educating their youth, in 1842 the Choctaw General Council enacted a law that established six boarding schools: Spencer Academy, Fort Coffee Academy, Koonaha (Kunaha or Sunsha) Female Seminary, Ianubbee (Ayanubbe) Female Seminary, Chuwahla (Chuwalla) Female Seminary, and Wheelock Female Seminary. ===Choctaw Gift to the Irish in 1847=== * [[Space:Choctaw_Ireland_Famine_Relief|Choctaw Gift in 1847 for Irish Famine Relief]] ===Modern Tribal Government=== ====Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma==== * [https://www.choctawnation.com/ Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma] ''official site'' * Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: [https://www.choctawnation.com/history-culture/history/choctaw-nation-map Choctaw Nation Map] * Constitutions (7) Wilson, Michael D. Dept of English, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1838/ 1838] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1842/ 1842] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1850/ 1850] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1857/ 1857] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1860/ 1860] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1979/ 1979] **[https://sites.uwm.edu/michael/choctaw-homepage/a-history-of-choctaw-constitutions/constitution-of-the-choctaw-nation-1983/ 1983] ====Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians==== * [http://www.choctaw.org/ Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians] ''official site'' * Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians: [http://choctawculturallegacy.com/ Choctaw Cultural Legacy] * [http://www.msarchaeology.org/maa/carleton.pdf A Brief History of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians] by Kenneth H. Carleton, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer/Archaeologist Mississippi Band of Choctaw, 2002 * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/identification/index.htm Identified Mississippi Choctaw 1902] ''List of persons whose names appear on Identification Roll of Mississippi Choctaws under the provisions of the Act of June 28, 1898'' * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/mschoctaw/index.htm Society of Mississippi Choctaw 1914] ''From the National Archives and the list was posted in the newspaper in Biloxi/Gulfport, Mississippi in November of 1935.'' * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/reeves/society.htm Society of Mississippi Choctaw 1916] ''contains a partial list of Mississippi Choctaw claimants'' * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/claims/index.htm Mississippi Choctaw Claimants of 1933] ''Full-blood Choctaw Indians, all residing in the State of Mississippi'' ====Jena Band of Choctaw Indians==== * [http://www.jenachoctaw.org/ Jena Band of Choctaw Indians] ''Official Site'' ==Choctaw Research Resources== ===Dawes Rolls=== *'''Dawes Resources''' Information concerning the Dawes Final Rolls of the [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency#FIve_Civilized_Tribes|Five Civilized Tribes]] may be found on the following WikiTree pages: ** [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Final Rolls]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree * National Archives: [http://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/ Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes] * Oklahoma Historical Society: [http://www.okhistory.org/research/terr Territorial Records] * Oklahoma Historical Society: [http://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes.php Search the Dawes Final Rolls, 1898–1914] ===General Interest=== :'''WikiTree''': * [[Space:Choctaw_Academy|Choctaw Academy]] 1825-1845 * [[Space:Choctaw_Chiefs|A list of Choctaw Chiefs]] * [[Space:Choctaw_Images|Choctaw Images]] * [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency|Union Indian Agency]] created 30 June 1874, consolidated the Creek, Choctaw (including Chickasaw), Seminole and Cherokee agencies ** [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency#Five_Civilized_Tribes|Five Civilized Tribes]], a term coined circa 1875 with the creation of the Union Agency * [[Space:Native_Americans-1|Native American Project Page]] ** [[Space:Native_Americans_Project_Reliable_Sources|Native Americans Project Reliable Sources]] ** [[Space:American_Indian_Project_Photo_Page|Native Americans Project Photo Page]] :'''Wikipedia''': * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Choctaw|Choctaw]] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Muskogean_languages|Muskogean Languages]] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Nanih_Waiya|Nanih Waiya]] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:List_of_Choctaw_treaties|List of Choctaw treaties]] ** Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Doak's_Stand|Treaty of Doak's Stand]] signed 18 Oct 1820 ** Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek|Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek]] signed 27 Sep 1830 * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Chief Tuskaloosa|Chief Tuskaloosa]] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:Red_Shoes_(Choctaw_chief)|Red Shoes (Choctaw chief)]] * Wikipedia: [[wikipedia:List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state|Wikipedia List of Federally Recognized Tribes by State]] :'''Access Genealogy''': * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/ Native American History and Genealogy] ::(Choctaw Specific) * Access Genealogy: [https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/database-of-choctaw-mixed-blood-names.htm Choctaw MIxed Blood Names] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/choctaw/choctawchiefs.htm Choctaw Chiefs] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/choctaw/choctawdialect.htm Choctaw Dialect] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/treaty-of-dancing-rabbit-creek.htm Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek] ** Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/treaty-of-september-27-1830.htm Complete Treaty Language for the Treaty of September 27, 1830 with the Choctaw] ** Access Genealogy: [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/armstrong-rolls.htm Armstrong Roll] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/identification/index.htm Identified Mississippi Choctaw 1902] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/mschoctaw/index.htm Society of Mississippi Choctaw 1914] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/reeves/society.htm Society of Mississippi Choctaw 1916] * Access Genealogy: [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/claims/index.htm Mississippi Choctaw Claimants of 1933] :'''U.S. Government''': * Bureau of Indian Affairs: [https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/public/ois/pdf/Guide_to_Tracing_American_Indian_Alaska_Native_Ancestry.pdf PDF] - A guide to tracing American Indian and Alaska Native Ancestry * Census Bureau: [http://www.us-census.org/native/choctaw.html Census Records] * Dept of the Interior: [http://www.bia.gov/FOIA/Genealogy/index.htm US Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs, Genealogy] * National Parks Service: [https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/mounds/nan.htm Indian Mounds of Mississippi] :'''Miscellaneous''': * Carroll County (MS) GenWeb Project: [http://msgw.org/carroll/1831_ArmstrongRoll_1830TreatyDRab.html Understanding the Armstrong Rolls] * Center For Applied Linguistics: [http://www.cal.org/heritage/pdfs/heritage-voice-choctaw.pdf heritage-voice-choctaw.pdf] (Archived "Heritage Voice Collection") * Encyclopedia of Alabama: [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1186 Choctaws in Alabama] * Encyclopedia of Alabama: [http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1368 MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians] * Hancock County (MS) Historical Society: [http://www.hancockcountyhistoricalsociety.com/history/a-man-named-alibamo-mingo A Man Named Alibamo Mingo] * History.com: [http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackson-submits-indian-treaty-to-congress This Day in History: December 20 (1836)] Andrew Jackson submits Indian treaty to Congress * Indian Tribes and Languages of the Southeast: [http://www.native-languages.org/choctaw.htm Choctaw Indian Language] * Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/oklahomaindiante18901900unit/ Marriages, Choctaw Nation], Secnd Div. digitized & downloadable, Allen County Library, Includes- Volume yr.1890-1900 * Mississippi Encyclopedia: [https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/waiya-nanih/ Nanih Waiya] * National Indian Law Library: [http://www.narf.org/nill/resources/roots.htm Tracing Native American Family Roots] * National Library of Medicine: [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/index.html Native Voices] a search for 'choctaw' returns 62 entries of interest * Native Culture Links: [http://www.nativeculturelinks.com/indians.html Native Culture] - Native American Sites * Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: [https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CH049 Choctaw Schools] * Smithsonian Institution: [https://americanindian.si.edu/explore/collections/search National Museum of the American Indian] - Collections search * Tulsa, OK Library: [https://www.tulsalibrary.org/research/genealogy-center/american-indian-research American Indian Research- Tulsa Library online] * Univ of Washington Library: [http://guides.lib.washington.edu/history-nativeam Native American Research Guides] ===Law Enforcement=== :'''Choctaw Lighthorsemen'''
:The Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820, appropriated US$600 ($150,000 in 2021) per year to the Choctaw Nation to organize and maintain the Choctaw Lighthorsemen. These men were given the authority to arrest, try and punish those who broke tribal laws. The first corps became operational in 1824. [[Pitchlynn-6|Peter Perkins Pitchlynn (1806-1881)]] became the head of this force in 1825. After the Choctaws removed to Indian Territory, the Lighthorsemen reported to the tribal chief. Lighthorsemen rode their own horses and used their own weapons. * [[Space:Lighthorsemen_of_Indian_Territory|LIghthorsemen of Indian Territory]] ===Maps=== *[[Space:Choctaw_Images#Maps|Maps]] on the Choctaw Images Wikitree page. * Native Languages of the Americas: [http://www.native-languages.org/states.htm Maps of United States Indians by State] * Goss, Clint flutopedia.com [http://www.flutopedia.com/tribemap.htm Flutopedia.com Native American Indian Tribal Maps] * Emmerson, Kent emmersonkent.com:[http://www.emersonkent.com/tribes_and_peoples/native_americans.htm A collection of Native American maps] ** Emmerson, Kent emmersonkent.com: [http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/native_american_tribes_map.htm Map - Tribes of the Indian Nation] *Wikimedia: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Native_American_tribal_territories Maps of Native American tribal territories] * 500nations.com: [http://500nations.com/500_Tribes.asp 500 Nations, Tribes, Bands] === Military Involvement === * [[Space:Choctaw_Detachment_of_Warriors|Creek Department of Warriors]] ''Choctaw Troops, War of 1812'' * [[Space:Creek War, Battles and Forts|Creek War, Battles and Forts]] * [[Space:Choctaw_Code_Talkers|Choctaw Code Talkers WWI & WWII]]

[[Category: Sources by Name]] =Constitution and Bylaws, ratified September 20, 1950= *written by Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma *Washington, Government Printing Office, 1951 *Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs *Source citation example: :::Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. [[Space:Constitution and Bylaws, ratified September 20, 1950|Constitution and Bylaws, ratified September 20, 1950]] (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1951) *In-line citation example: :::[[#Ponca|Ponca]] * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Constitution and Bylaws, ratified September 20, 1950|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== *online: **Hathitrust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010446752

[[Category: Sources by Name]] =Contributions to North American Ethnology= *Volumes 1-7, 9 *editor: John Wesley Powell (1834-1902), Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. *Publisher: Washington (D.C.) Government Printing Office **Published under the supervision of the Bureau of Ethnology after 1879 *1877-1893 *volume 8 not published *description: multivolume collection of reports written by various ethnologists, geologists, etc. containing first-hand observations of tribal life, location, and linguistics in the late 1800s. **notes on perspective/bias: Non-Native. -Observations made first-hand by non-native men with 19th century eurocentric educations, some with stated intentions toward being "unbiased" (observation by WikiTreer with intentions toward being unbiased) *Source Citation example: :::Powell, John Wesley. [[Space:Contributions to North American Ethnology|Contributions to North American Ethnology]] (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1877-1893). *In-line Citation example: :::[[#Powell|Powell]]: Volume 5, Page 134 * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Contributions to North American Ethnology|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== Online: :Hathitrust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000528436 (full text available for volumes 1-7, 9)

{{Native American Adjunct}} :''Due to claims about possible Native American origins, this profile is protected, tracked and co-managed by WikiTree's Native Americans project. Please use G2G to discuss his heritage.'' ==Biography== This freespace page contains data that was initially on the profile of [[Sizemore-38|Ned Sizemore]]. == Research Notes == I'm Joy (Wright) King and I've been researching and collecting records for Sizemore since 1985. I'm also the admn for the FTDNA Sizemore project we started back in 2002. There is a great deal of misinformation regarding the various lines. My article for our Sizemore project: Origin of the surname: SIZEMORE (Eng.) Descendant of Sigmar (victory, great) dweller on the Saxon's wasteland1 Sizemore DNA project [http://sizemorednaproject.com/ DNA] [http://www.sizemorednaproject.com/history_surname.html king] When I checked the LDS IGI for England (Jan/Feb 1988) many years ago, I found numerous pages of records. There were 44 spelling variants of SIZEMORE. The earliest record was dated 1556 and largest concentration of the surname was in the county of Gloucester.2 However, we do have a mixed bag of results that does need explaining. The largest group in our DNA test results is Haplogroup Q. This haplogroup designation has been confirmed with SNP tests of several of our participants. It is found in Native Americans and in Europe. In addition to our main Q group, we have received results for three of our participants that also have SNP confirmed Hg Q but do not match the main group. In order to be sure our markers are consistent with the Native American markers, our main group participants were joined to the FTDNA Q3 Native American project.3 The three non matching participants and a few of the main group participants were joined to the FTDNA Q project.4 The administrators of both projects have concluded our participant’s markers are most consistent with the Native American markers, which means they are all descendants of a MALE Native American, but not the same Most Recent Common Ancestor. Even though some Sizemore lines have an oral history of NA ancestry, it was always thought to be from a MALE SIZEMORE/FEMALE NA relationship, so these results were quite surprising. I think everyone will agree there wasn’t a full blood male or female Indian named SIZEMORE waiting on the banks of the James when the English arrived. These DNA results are for the “ancient ancestry” and genealogically the earliest MRCA would have to be in 1600s Virginia. The DNA results indicate the origin of these male lines is apparently due to FEMALE SIZEMORE and MALE NA relationships with the child/children using the Sizemore surname. This also means these male lines are not *genetically* Sizemores. The genealogical research shows the earliest appearance of the surname in Virginia is WILLIAM SISMORE who came to VA from England and received 100 acres of land "Upon Appomattox River" in the first division of land in 1619.5 William isn’t found on any of the surviving early ship lists, but in order to qualify for this amount of land he had to be in VA before 1616.6 The Henrico & Charles City Co. division line was moved in 1634 and later patents mentioning SIZEMORE'S CREEK indicate William's land was on the north side of the Appomattox River in Henrico Co. in the area that became Chesterfield Co. in 1749. There are two records for Martha SISEMORE, one dated 18 July 1620 saying she had paid for her passage to VA7, the other dated 23 May 1625 indicating she made frequent trips between England & Virginia.8 No record of a maiden name has been found for Martha. I believe she arrived later than William. It is assumed they were married which most likely occurred in Virginia. She may have been among the women that were transported from England, starting in 1619, with the intention of marrying the many unhappy single males already there. 9 During the Indian massacre William & Martha fled across the river where they are found on the 16 Feb. 1623/4 list of the living at West & Shirley Hundred.10 They are not found on the 1624/5 census, but on Jan 14, 1625/6 William was still living in VA when he sent 2000 lbs. of tobacco to England.11 1636/31/Dec.- VA Patent Bk. 1-Part II: Ralph WYATT, Gent. to Richard JOHNSON, Roger DAVIS & Abraham WOOD, Planters, last day of Dec. 1636, p.590. One parcell of land lying & being from SIZEMORES Cr. & soe up the Cr. as farr as CAPT. BUTTONS land doth extend, from thence up to the Rock in Apamattock Riv., thence along the river & soe into the Baye & from thence to SIZEMORE his Cr. againe. Said WYATT, his assigns &c. shall possess & enjoy 10A of land aforesaid running down from the Rock above mentioned. Signed Ralph WYATT. Wit: Joseph FISTER, Daniell LEWELLIN.12 Abraham WOOD, Richard JOHNSON, & Roger DAVIS jointly leased from Ralph WYATT, a tract on SIZEMORE'S CREEK and extending to the rock in Appomattox River for 21 yrs. On May 14, 1638 Abraham WOOD patented 400A in Charles City Co. on Appomattox River adjoining lands of JOHN BAKER & JOSEPH BOURNE and extending west on the main river over against Peircie's Toyle Creek. Another patent for 200A in Henrico Co. on the north side of Appomattox River "neere unto the great Rocke" and opposite land of JOHN BAKER was granted to him 8 June 1639. These two tracts, with 100A added, were incorporated in a patent for 700A in Henrico Co. on SIZEMORE'S CREEK granted to him, 20 Oct. 1642.13 FORT HENRY, located at present-day Petersburg, was granted to Captain Abraham WOOD with 600A of land plus all houses, edifices, boats, and ammunition belonging to the fort. WOOD was required to maintain and keep ten persons continuously at the fort for three years. The forts served as the first line of defense against possible attacks by the natives. Being the center of the varied activities of the frontier, they also were the starting point for expeditions against the Indians and became the center of trade for the outlying regions.14 In 1650 he [Abraham WOOD] joined Edward BLAND, Sackford BREWSTER and Elias PENNANT on a journey of discovery along the Chowan and Nottoway rivers into NC. In 1653 the Assembly granted him and his associates special privileges for fourteen years in trading activities "in places where no English ever have bin and discovered, nor have had particular trade." 15 Appomattoc. Appamattucks, chief village of King Coquonasum was located until 1623 on Swift Creek, a tributary of the Appomattox River, about a mile above its mouth. Apamatuks (Smith) or Mattica (Tindall) was the chief village of Queen Oppussoquionuske, sister of King Coquonasum. It was located on Bermuda Hundred point until it was destroyed about Christmas, 1611, by Sir Thomas Dale. Appomattocks Indian Towne apparently became the chief village after the destruction in 1623 of King Coquonasum's village by Capt. Nathaniel West. It was located on Old Indian Towne Creek, the present Rohoic Run, and remained there until 1691. It was within a short distance of the site of Fort Henry, 1646-1676. Population about 250.16 Various deeds continue to use SIZEMORES Cr. as a boundary location, but I haven't found anything else naming either William or Martha, and nothing indicating they had any children. However, I believe the NA ancestry had to have come into the line during this early time period when it was encouraged and totally accepted. The most likely suspect right now is Martha, but there's no actual proof of that. It also seems possible this MALE NA could have been from the above Appomattock tribe, although I doubt we'll ever know exactly which tribe this ancestry actually came from. Surry Co., VA- 10 June 1654. Deed Thomas ROLFE to Wm. CORKER 150 acres of land between SMITH's Fort old field & the Divell's Woodyard Swampe & all houses, etc., being due unto the sd ROLFE by guift from the INDYAN KING. Wit: Ja. MASON, Edmund HOWELL. On backside assigned by Wm CORKER to Wm. BARBER, 22 Aug. 1654. Wit: Richd. WEBSTER, SAM SUKLEMOE. [Is this SIZEMORE? JK] Assigned by Wm BARBER to Rober GILBERT and Xo. MITCHELL on 1 Dec. 1654. Wit: Wm. MARRIOTT, Jno. BRADY. Interest assigned by Chr. MITCHELL to Roger GILBER. Wit: Jno. CORKER.17 Note JK: The above dates are shown in this deed but all other entries in this section are dated 1674. If the 1654 date is correct, SAM would have been at least 21 so born by 1633 or earlier. A record has been found that indicates SAMUEL SIZEMORE owned a lot in Norfolk Town, Norfolk Co., VA, in 1693.18 In order to acquire land, SAMUEL would have to be at least 21 at this time so born by 1672 or earlier. If this is the same SAMUEL that’s a witness on the above deed and the 1654 date is correct, he would have been 60 yrs. old in 1693! No record of this purchase by SAMUEL or the sale to Thomas TABOR has been found, but the purchase by TABOR is mentioned in his 1700/1 will.19 1707/10/Mar. - Deed Book W #1, Chowan County, N.C. #241 pg.112: PETER EVANS of Chowan Prect., carpenter to Charles MERRITT and Eliner his wife for sundry causes and considerations, one half of a tract of 600A at ye mouth of Deep Ck. and running up Chawanock River. Wit: SAMUEL SUKLEMORE [SIZEMORE], William STEVENS.20 Note JK: Only place in deeds from 1696 to 1723 that Suklemore is listed, all others Sizemore. Samuel SIZEMORE is also found on a 1715 tax list in Perquimans Co., NC21 Joseph SISEMORE is a witness to a deed in Chowan Co., NC Oct. 13, 1718 but not found in any other records.20 Samuel SIZEMORE received land grants in NC.22 He md. Elizabeth HOOKER, daughter of William HOOKER. Elizabeth’s sister Ann was married to Robert EVANS, son of the above Peter EVANS.23 He is found on a 1721 tax list 24, but was dead by 1723 leaving one known son, Samuel Jr., and Elizabeth md. Nicholas SESSUMS.25 There are later records for Samuel SIZEMORE, Jr., but nothing has been found in any of the records, so far, that indicate he had a wife or children. I do think Samuel Sr. and Joseph were related to the early Henrico Co., VA family, but there is no concrete proof of that either. In 1712 Margery SISEMORE was a witness to the will of Richard HOMES/HOLMES. The Henrico Co., VA records, found so far, show Margery was born in 1690, most likely the orphan of Evan OWEN & his wife Margery. They also show she was Margery SISEMORE in 1712, living in the same area of then Henrico Co., VA (present Chesterfield Co.) where the 1st William SIZEMORE received land in 1619.26 In 1734 William SIZEMORE of Henrico Co., VA had a land survey. He would have to be born by 1713.27 In 1736 another Henrico Co., VA deed mentions SIZEMORE Cr.28 William SIZEMORE received a patent in 1738, the land was located in Amelia Co., VA.29 He is also mentioned in other patents.30 He is not found on the early Amelia Co., VA tax lists so may not have lived on this land.31 In 1739 Henry SIZEMORE is found in one Goochland Co., VA record, but there’s no indication he ever actually lived there.32 There’s no way to know his actual age at this time, but if he was of legal age (21) he would have been born by 1718. There are numerous entries for the SIZEMORES in the VA survey books and all the locations are in present Halifax & Mecklenburg counties of VA.33 In 1741 WILLIAM has the 1st survey entry. In 1743 MARGERY has a survey entry. This is transcribed as MARY but additional records show it was probably an abbreviation of MARG. In 1743 HENRY & EPHRAIM have surveys so born by 1722 or earlier. In 1744 WILLIAM sold the Amelia Co. land and is "of Brunswick Co., VA" (the parent Co. of present Halifax Co.).34 In 1746 EDWARD & JAMES are mentioned for the first time in the surveys so born by 1725 or earlier. In 1747 GEORGE SIZEMORE enters 200 Acres of Land on the Lower side Line of his Mother MARY [MARGERY] SIZEMORE's Survey. GEORGE was born by 1726 or earlier. Also in 1747 is this entry: P.50 (March 19 1746/7 Void) HENRY SIZEMORE junr. enters 400 Acres of Land Begin: at his Fathers begin. W.O. Blaz'd 3 Ways thence running for length Southwardly. Note JK: There is nothing in any of the continuing records that mention HENRY as SR. or JR. and only one Henry is on the tithes list in 1748. The 1748 Lunenburg Co., VA tithes lists for the area that became Halifax Co. included: William, Ephraim, Henry, James, and Edward SIZEMORE, 1 tithe each and all 21 or older.35 In 1749 we find William and Edward SYSMOORE, and James SIZEMORE. In 1750 George & Ephraim SIZEMORE.35 The 1751 list for the area of present Halifax & Mecklenburg counties has not been found. No Sizemores are on the few lists that do exist. There are extensive continuing VA records for this Halifax/Mecklenburg group of Sizemores, all of which indicate they were considered white by the early 1700s. I am confident these are the men our DNA participants with the Hg Q markers descend from. Most of them left VA in the 1750s and are found in the SC records before some of them moved on to GA, NC, TN, and KY. Some Sizemore researchers consider the 1753 record, that refers to EPHRAIM SIZEMORE as a mulatto, as proof of mixed NA ancestry.36 I have a different view on this. There are numerous references in various county minute books where slanderous statements have been made and later retracted. Since there is nothing, pertaining to this petition, in the remaining published abstracts of the Orange Co. Minutes, which continue for several years, the case may have been dropped for this reason, but Ephraim did not sue for restitution. It’s also possible his early NA ancestry was known and fully accepted while living in VA, but was *tested* for acceptance in NC by Mary Torrington. Since nothing else is found on this case, and he’s not noted in any other records as anything but white, NC officials apparently accepted it as well, as did SC in this time period. The half-blood Creek Indian ARTHUR SIZEMORE of AL is well documented, as are his descendants. The male descendant that has been tested does not have the NA markers. He is Hg E3b and matches no one in our project. Until we test another direct line male descendant of this line, we can't be sure the present tested descendent has the true markers for this line. SOURCES for the above narrative: : 1. Smith, Elsdon C. - New Dictionary of American Family Names, 472. : 2. http://www.familysearch.org/ : 3. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Amerind%20Y/ : 4. http://www.familytreedna.com/public/ydna_q/ : 5. Sams, The Conquest of Virginia The Third Attempt An image of the original can be seen at The Library of Congress web site in The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 8. Virginia Records Manuscripts. 1606-1737. Virginia, 1606-92, Charters of the Virginia Company of London; Laws; Abstracts of Rolls in the Offices of State : 6. Charles E. Hatch, Jr., The First Seventeen Years VA 1607-1624 "The first real, or general, division was provided for in 1618 and became effective in VA in 1619. Two classifications of planters- those who came to VA before Dale departed in 1616 "ancient planters", each with three yrs. residence entitled to 100A. Those after Dale's departure, if they had come at their own charge, were to obtain 50A." : 7. Library of Congress- Records of the VA Company Vol.1 p.408 and can also be seen on the Library of Congress website at: Manuscript Volume : 8. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Vol.XXIII No.2, 135/136 - Minutes of The Council & General Court [ink folio 130]. Date confirmed 6/24/05 in email from Jean L. Cooper, Associate Director, Interlibrary Services University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, VA 22903. : 9. http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/destiny/introduction.htm Between 1619 and 1621 the Virginia Company sent about 250 young English women to Virginia . . . [Virginia Company Records, 16 July 1621, Ferrar Papers, Magdalene College, Cambridge College] Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers And Pioneers 1623-1666, xvii. Introduction- Among the projects under the new order was one of November 3, 1619 duly carried into effect, except in the matter of number. “Lastly he wished that a fit hundredth might be sent of woemen, Maides young and uncorrupt to make wives to the Inhabitants and by that means to make them more setled & lesse moveable * * * These women if they marry to the publique farmers, to be transported at the charge of the Company; If otherwise, then those that take them to wife to pay the said Company their charges of transportation.” : 10. Colonial Records of Virginia (1874; reprint, Baltimore, MD: Clearfield Company, 1989), 40-41; Sams, The Conquest of Virginia The Third Attempt, 655. : 11. VTLS, Inc., Virginia Colonial Records Project, Survey Report No.3758 (revised) http://www.lva.lib.va.us/siteindex/index.htm : 12. Nell Marion Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers-Abstracts of VA Land Patents & Grants 1623-1666, 95. : 13. Adventurers of Purse And Person, 695-698: WOOD Note JK: 2/25/05- http://users.rcn.com/deeds/pool.htm This site has transcribed and mapped the location, but the Deed Mapper software is needed to view the maps. If anyone has this software, please let me know. This would be a great addition to our Sizemore records. : 14. W. Stitt Robinson, Jr., Mother Earth Land Grants In Virginia, 1607-1699, 32. : 15. Adventurers of Purse and Person, 696-7; Landon C. Bell, The Old Free State: A Contribution to the History of Lunenburg County and Southside Virginia, Vol. I Chapter III, 76-78; Philip A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records. Citation: New York: MacMillan and Co., 1896 Subdivision: Chapter VIII HTML by Dinsmore Documentation http://www.dinsdoc.com/bruce-1-8.htm In 1646, Fort Henry on the Appomattox with six hundred acres attached was granted to Captain Abraham Wood, Fort James on the Chickahominy with four hundred acres to Thomas Rolfe, and Fort Royal with six hundred acres to Captain Roger Marshall, in return for which each was to maintain a band of rangers for the defence of these fortified posts.2 Hening’s Statutes, vol. I, 326, 327. : 16. Ben C. McCary, Indians In Seventeenth-Century Virginia, 3. Clarence Walworth Alvord and Lee Bidgood, The First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians 1650-1674, 32-33. “Just across the river was situated the principal village or “town” of the Appomattox Indians, who furnished Wood with messengers, hunters, porters, and courageous and faithful guides.” : 17. Davis, Surry County Records - Surry County, Virginia, 1652-1684 Book II, March 1671 to 5 July 1684, 54. : 18. Roger Dey Whichard, author and editor, The History Of Lower Tidewater Virginia Volume I (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., Inc., 1959), 325-370. : 19. Abstracts of Norfolk County Wills, 175-6. Copy of pages personally requested & supplied to me by Kristina 7/23/07. They can now be seen here: http://www.rootsweb.com/~vanorfol/orf175.jpg Norfolk, Norfolk Co., VA Will Book 6 f.201. Dated 8 Jan. 1700. Proved 15 Jan. 1700/1. : 20. Margaret M. Hofmann, Chowan Precinct North Carolina Genealogical Abstracts of Deed Books 1697-1723. : 21. NCGSJ-Aug 91, 130/131. : 22. Margaret M. Hofmann, Province of North Carolina 1663-1729 Abstracts of Land Patents. : 23. 1716/8/June Chowan Co. NC - Will of WM. HOOKER - Oct. Court 1717. : 24. Weynette Parks Haun, Chowan Co., NC Misc. Papers 1685-1744 Bk.1, 22. : 25. Journal of NC Genealogy Vol. VIII No.2 June 1962 Number 30 NC Inventories 1677-1784- File No. SS876 Dated 1722-1735 page 61. : 26. Benjamin B. Weisiger III, Colonial Wills of Henrico Co., VA Part One 1677-1737 ; Cavaliers and Pioneers-Abstracts of VA Land Patents & Grants 1623-1666; Benjamin B. Weisiger III, compiler, Henrico County Virginia Deeds 1677-1705 (Athens, GA: Iberian Publishing Co., 1996); Cavaliers and Pioneers Volume II; Weisiger, Colonial Wills of Henrico Co., VA Part Two 1737-1781. : 27. Beverley Fleet, Virginia Colonial Abstracts Vol. XXI Henrico Co., VA - Southside, 21, 29, 45, 48. Also see p.2- PREFACE: “. . . The records are of persons who lived in Henrico on the south side of James River. This became Chesterfield County in 1749. And also records of persons who had properties or business in that section.” : 28. VA Gen. Soc., Cavaliers and Pioneers Vol. Four 1732-1741, 124- PB 17 p.211. : 29. VA Land Office Patents No. 17, 1735-1738, p. 510 (Reel 15). : 30. VGS, Cavalier And Pioneers Volume Four: 1732-1741, 130, 175, 235. : 31. Amelia Co., VA tithe lists 1736-1755, 1762 and partial 1779 can be viewed online at: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~vataxlists/Amelia/ : 32. Court Records, Goochland County, VA, Free Negro and Slave Records, 1739, Library of Virginia. “Samuel BURTON, John SPEARS, and HENRY SIZEMORE this day brought before me the head of Hampton, an outlawed slave belonging to John OWEN .... which said slave they could not take without killing of him. (Signed) George CARRINGTON.” : 33. Marion Dodson Chiarito, Entry Record Book 1737-1770 (Land entries in present VA Counties of Halifax, Pittsylvania, Henry, Franklin & Patrick). : 34. Amelia Co., VA DB.2 - 1742-1747. : 35. Landon C. Bell, Sunlight on the Southside Lists of Tithes Lunenburg County, Virginia 1748-1783. : 36. Shields- Orange Co., NC Abstracts of the Min. of the Court of Pleas & Quarter Sessions of Sept. 1752-Aug. 1766. Sept. 1753 Folio 10 p.20: "Mary Torrington petitions this court praying that an orphan female child, called Sarah Torrington taken from her in a forcible manner by a certain EPHRAIM SIZEMORE a mulatto & be bound to Miles Parker . . ." Note JK: Copy of original ordered by & received from Jack Goins 24 Mar. 1999 The original reads as follows: : Torrington Petition} : Mary Torrington Petitions this Court praying that an orphan female Child called Sarah Torrington taken from her in a forcible manner by a certain Ephraim Sisemore a Mullatto : OD. [ordered JK] be bound to Miles Parker, ordered that the said Parker take the said Orphan Child into his care at present and that the said Mary appear with said Sarah before the Justices of next Court. The below is my posting to the RootsWeb Sizemore message board regarding our then Y-DNA results. The present defining marker for NA is hgQ-M3+. Our Sizemore participants are hgQ-M3- which is actually older than the NA markers. : The Sizemores : JYKing (View posts) : Posted: 17 Feb 2011 09:41PM : When the Sizemore DNA project was started in 2002, our goal was to see if we could determine which of the early 1730s & 40s recorded VA Sizemore men fathered each of the *documented* lines of the Sizemore men b. 1748-50s. The numerous records show these men were considered *white* by that time period. Nothing has been found in the genealogical *records*, to date, that name the wives, parents, or siblings of these men! In a 1747 VA record, Margery is stated as being the mother of a George (b.1726 or earlier). In 1753 Henry Sizemore & Elizabeth Rhodes were cited for "living in adultery". : Genealogical research indicates The Most *Recent* Common Ancestor (TMRCA) for *some* of the participants in our largest hg Q group are: Ephraim Sizemore b. 1748 d. 1836 Spartanburg Co., SC George "All" Sizemore b. 1750s d. 1833 Clay Co., KY George Sizemore b. 1750s d. aft. 1820 lived in Ashe Co., NC George Sizemore b. 1750s d. bef. June 3, 1793 in then Barnwell Co., SC Edward Sizemore b. ? d. 1810 Hawkins Co., TN : Because these lines are so closely related genetically, we have *not* been able to determine who the father was of each of the above lines. It's also obvious that 3 different George Sizemores, born in the same time period, did not have the same father! And all of these families were considered white. : The stb wives of George "All", George of Ashe Co., NC, and Owen of Hawkins Co., TN have also been mtDNA tested. None of them have a direct line female Amerindian ancestor. : We have not tested a direct line male descendant of this Owen Sizemore b.1755 d.1837. However, one of his daughters was Lydia Sizemore (1784-1855) md. George Sizemore (1773-1859). George's parents are presently unknown, but a male descendant has been tested and is in our largest hg Q group. : George & Lydia's daughter Aggy Sizemore (1803-aft. 1883) md. Zachariah Minor in 1824. : George & Lydia's son Owen Sizemore (1820-d. in CW) md. Elizabeth Goins in 1856. : This is the *earliest known* Sizemore connection to any of the Melungeon families! : For additional info see Jack Goins' site: http://www.jgoins.com/ : The Y-DNA markers for our largest hg Q group are unique. This indicates The Most *Ancient* Common Ancestor (TMACA) for *all of the participants* is the same early to mid 1600s VA male Amerindian. This is now close to 400 yrs. ago (14 to 16 generations), and there is *nothing in any of the records* that indicates he was Cherokee! Neither was there ever a *full blood Sizemore* either male of female. So, the son of the 14th to 16th generation Amerindian male was 1/2 blood. In the proceeding generations, of the direct male line, the inherited percentage of the TMACA Amerindian blood is considerably reduced. : We also have another small hg Q group that does not match the larger group. Therefore they have a different *male Amerindian* ancestor. The earliest *documented* ancestor is William Sizemore b. 1750s md Catherine Adams and died aft. 1830 in Stokes Co., NC, and they were considered a white family. William's parents are ttb the William & Elizabeth Sizemore of Mecklenburg Co., VA records. : The descendants of John of Halifax Co., VA (b.1743) do *not* have the male Amerindian markers. The descendants of his *well genealogically documented* eldest son Daniel, do *not* match the descendants of the other sons of this John, nor do they have the male Amerindian markers. : The descendants of the well *documented* half blood Creek Indian Arthur Sizemore (abt. 1765-1848) of AL do *not* have the male Amerindian markers. His parents are presently unknown. The direct female line of his half blood Creek Indian wife, Mary "Polly" Bailey, has not been mtDNA tested. : There are other known Sizemore lines that have not been tested. : I do hope this helps to clear up some of the online misinformation regarding the origins of the Sizemores and their family lines. : Joy There appears to be a great deal of missing *documentation* for the below information! Edward (Ned) Sizemore, nickname "Tory Ned" was '''born''' about 1730, in Mecklenburg County, Virginia (alternate birth location: Hanover County, Virginia). His father was [[Sizemore-59|William Sizemore]] and his mother was [[Green-1047|Winifred Green]]. Ned '''married''' Elizabeth Rachel Jackson in 1748, in North Carolina. (alternate date 1738). Ned died 13 Jul 1790, in Wilkes County, North Carolina, and was said by daughter to be buried in Solomon Stamper Sr Old Indian Cemetery, Laurel Springs, Alleghany County, North Carolina. (Probably Old Ned Sizemore who was hanged by Col. Ben Cleveland on the Tory Oak in Wilkesboro, N.C., though witnesses could not remember his last name.)See: https://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Sizemore-38http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=118137940&ref=acomhttp://person.ancestry.com/tree/11286273/person/12797825155/factshttp://person.ancestry.com/tree/6085556/person/-1336786784/factshttp://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~appalachian/melungeons/Sizemore_Family_Data.txthttp://hackerscreek.com/norman/SIZEMORE.htm '''Witnessed will''' of father-in-law Henry Green, 10-15-1748 in Lunenberg Co. Virgina [folio 222]. EARLY WILLS 1746-1765 LUNENBURG CO., VA, p9, DB.1 p477:1748/15/Oct.- available at Ancestry.com '''Land''' entries (in the present Virginia Counties of Halifax, Pittsylvania, Henry, Franklin & Patrick) FHL unidentified book : In 1746, Edward Sizemore entered 400 acres on the South side Banister River beginning a little below the little Rock House about the mouth of little Polecat. : 7 Apr 1748 Edward SIZEMORE entered 400 acres on Little Buffalo Creek beginning where the path crosses thence up both sides to Grassy Creek path and 270 acre survey on Winn's Creek on Banister River (Lunenburg Co., Virginia) : 1748 &1749 '''Lunenburg Co., Virginia''', Tithables List. (After 1749 unable to locate until 1764) : 1764 Edward Sizemore petitions in March for land in Georgia, Parish of St. George on the north side of great Ogeechee (perhaps indicating that he had only been in Georgia from South Carolina for 8 months). Subsequent land transactions in St. George Parish (records indicate that he had '''five or six children''' : 1772 Land in St. Paul's Parish, GA deeded to William Jones. (-- Ron Blevins source?) : 1774 & 1777 Tax List, Surry Co, North Carolina. During the '''American Revolution''' served in a regiment of the Royal {'''Loyalist'''} South Carolina troops Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War, Vol. I, Roll 01 - Master Index. Pay Abstract #5, 1980 [lists Edward & George] http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=sse&db=flhg-southloyalistsi&h=279772&ti=0&indiv=try&gss=pt> : The Sizemore family was said to be an '''Indian''' family, perhaps Saponi or Mattaponi, who served in a regiment of the Royal South Carolina troops during the Revolution. : Ned was reputed to be a full-blooded Indian {Impossible if his mother was Winifred Green of Henry Green [[Adams-16917|Adams-16917]] 12:00, 6 October 2016 (EDT)} '''DNA''' analyseshttps://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Sizemore-38-1https://www.familytreedna.com/public/SIZEMORE_DNA?iframe=yresults have confirmed that there is a male American Indian in the Sizemore line, matching samples from Panama, Alaska and North America. Dawes Commission Index (overturned) 1896 [Index-only record, on-line] Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 1997. Original data: Applications From the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Muskogee Area Office, Relating to Enrollment in the Five Civilized Tribes Under the Act of 1896. Description: 1896 records of Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek and Chickasaw...Name: Ned Sizemore, Tribe: Cherokee, Case Number: 4451...Over 2000 descendants of Owen, and his brothers George, and Lydia Sizemore Blevins (Wife of James Blevins) filed Eastern Cherokee Application beginning in 1906...] National Archives, Washington, DC.] ===Notes=== - Reprinted in Kentucky Explorer, Volume 11, March 1997. Recorded in the 1870s.) -Ned Sizemore probably had more than one wife. -An unidentified Sizemore was a neighbor of planter James Cooper in Surry Co., Virginia, Southwick Parish, ca. 1700. -Virginia records show that Edward Sizemore was closely connected to the Green, Griffin and Jackson families. -The ECAs {Cherokees?} confuse him with his son George Edward Sizemore (ca. 1790 Hawkins Co., Tenn.) whose family ended up in W.V. -The Sizemore family was one of the first Sephardic-Jewish families to establish a foothold in the eastern Appalachians. They appear to have come to Virginia and Charleston from Barbados and London. - Sizemore in Barbados http://boards.ancestry.co.uk/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=1276&p=surnames.sizemore - History of the Jews in Barbados https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Barbados - Barbados settlers in the Virginia Colony https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Virginia_Emigration_and_Immigration - Barbados and America by David L. Kent https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/316574?availability=Family%20History%20Library == Sources == See also: (all the following need checking) * https://multiracial.com/index.php/2001/10/01/the-metis-heritage-of-the-sizemore-family/ * https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/symposia/newriver-84/sec3.htm * Rootsweb.com, "Distant Crossroads", Genealogy of the family of Owen and Elizabeth Bingham Sizemore Sr. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sizemorerobertl/22.htm *My Heritage, The Metis Heritage of the Sizemore Family by Jason Adams http://www.myheritage.com/FP/newsItem.php?s=30386061&newsID=4 * http://person.ancestry.com/tree/1320704/person/-1904852007/facts * http://person.ancestry.com/tree/869993/person/-2033203557/facts * http://person.ancestry.com/tree/19938373/person/19813578496/facts * http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=4725&h=4741389&ssrc=pt&tid=869993&pid=-2033203557&usePUB=true * http://mv.ancestry.com/viewer/86e19663-c60a-4e5d-9c57-423b2891839f/1320704/-1904852007?_phsrc=sau194&usePUBJs=true * Ancestry Family Trees -Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network. Original data: [private tree of Wm Smith http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=f3e746ec-5332-4741-a054-1d6860648687&tid=7179083&pid=-562646025 * Excerpt from Review Essay: The Melungeons in Private Ancestry Tree of Wm. Smith. http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=1ad7de35-defd-49b4-93a5-49dbd92d9fcd&tid=7179083&pid=-562646025 * THE HISTORY of PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY VIRGINIA in Private Ancestry Tree of Wm. Smith; http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=13a9a44c-ed83-4ed1-938f-4c0344af3da1&tid=7179083&pid=-562646025 * Excerpt, Self-Determination on the Paleface Reservation in Private Ancestry Tree of Wm. Smith http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=7df6e0ca-ef3e-4e43-8b06-8872a4a15827&tid=7179083&pid=-562646025

[[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category:Crow]] '''Associated with the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]]''' == Welcome to the Crow Tribe Team == This team is for those with profiles of individuals or an historic interest in the Crow Tribe. The scope of the team is pre-contact to present day. The mission of the team is to add and improve profiles of Apsáalooke (Crow) Nation. Team members take primary responsibility for relevant profiles or family groups and work on merging duplicates, cleaning up profiles, adding sources, removing incorrect information and offer research assistance as needed. ==How to Join == To see our current members, please see the list below To join the project: # Ask the project leader [[Smith-32867 | Jillaine Smith]] to add the project badge. # Add the line [[Category:Crow Tribe]] to the text area of your profile page. This will add you to the list of participants on the [[:Category:Crow|Crow Tribe Project Category page]]. # Add "Crow Tribe" to [[Special:Following|your G2G tag feed]]. # Add the tag Crow Tribe to any discussions in G2G involving the Crow Tribe Project or any of its sub-projects. # Check out the To-Do list below to find something to help us work on, and add yourself (or ask one of us to) to that task. # Please join the Google Mail Group for the native-americans-project @ googlegroups.com. == Goals == *For each person: # All duplicates merged into lowest number # PPP added only for individuals who are historically significant or are the subject of many merges. # pertaining categories added # templates added # biography cleaned up and written, using the WikiTree Style Guide (can work with Profile Improvement Project for help) # Attached family meets these goals, too # Attached to the main WikiTree family tree (ask the GFR for help) ==Team Scope== The is a team of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]]. The time frame will cover pre-colonial until the present. ==Participants== Add your name to the list below, along with a note about what you're working on in this project right now. * Team leader - Open. (Answers questions and works to add and improve profiles.) * [[Mullenberg-4|Kirby Mullenberg]] (8 Jul 2023) == Project Sticker == For profiles that are Native American and do not require project protection. The Sticker should be entered below the == Biography == line. Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker|tribe=Crow}}
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{{Native American Sticker|tribe=Crow}} ==Introduction == ===Profiles=== ===Maps=== ===Language=== ===Miscellaneous=== ==WikiTree Project Space Pages== ==Other Space Pages== == WikiTree Resources == ''Remember a lot of questions can be answered by referring to the help pages link at the top right of pages.'' *[[:Category:Styles_and_Standards|Styles and Standards]] Help with Styles and Standards *[[Project_protecting_and_merging|Project Protecting and merging]] Help on PPP and Merging *[[:Category: GEDCOM Help|Help with Gedcoms]] Gedcom Help and answers *[[Formatting|Formatting]] Help with formatting on a profile *[[Space:Tons_Tweaks|Tons Tweaks]] Helpful code to improve a space page only. Do not use on profiles. ==External Links== ==Sources==

[[Category: Native American Genealogy Resources]] [[Category:Dakota]] [[Category:Nakota]] [[Category:Lakota]] [[Category:Hunkpapha]] [[Category:Yankton]] [[Category:Ontario First Nations]] [[Category:Spirit Lake Tribe]] [[Category: Bdewakantunwan (Mdewakanton)]] [[Category:Sioux Tribe, Cheyenne River]] [[Category:Oglala Lakota]] [[Category:Kaposia]] [[Category:Native American Tribes of Minnesota]] [[Category:Native American Tribes of Montana]] [[Category:Native American Tribes of Nebraska]] [[Category:Native American Tribes of North Dakota]] [[Category:Native American Tribes of South Dakota]] [[Category: Federally Recognized Native American Tribes of Minnesota]] {{Profile-box|For tribe categories, see [[:Category:Native_American_Tribes_by_State|American Indians by State]]}} == '''Dakota (aka The Great Sioux Nation)''' == :''The Bdewakantunwan (Mdewakanton), Wahpetunwan (Wahpeton), Wahpekute, and Sissitunwan (Sisseton) people form what is known as the Isanti (Santee), or eastern Dakota (a word that means ally). To the west, in present day South Dakota, are the Yanktonai and Yankton (who identify as both Dakota and Nakota) and the Teton (Lakota). Collectively today, these groups have tribal lands that cover areas from present day Minnesota, to South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, and into Canada. They form the Oceti Ŝakowiŋ (the Seven Council Fires, sometimes referred to erroneously as the Sioux).''Minnesota Historical Society, [http://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/dakota-people Dakota People] '''Includes:''' :'''I. Lakota, Teton, or Western Dakota''' :'''II. Nakota, Wiciyela, or Middle Dakota''' :'''III. Dakota, Santee, or Eastern Dakota''' === I. Lakota, Teton, or Western Dakota === :''The terms “Lakota” and “Sioux” are often used interchangeably to refer to the tribe of native peoples of the Dakotas, but which is preferred?''Black Hills Visitor, [https://blackhillsvisitor.com/learn/lakota-or-sioux/ Lakota or Sioux?] :''The word nadouessioux was created by French traders and later adopted by the English as just sioux. It is said to come from the Ojibwe word natowessiwak meaning “little snakes”, as the Lakota were traditionally enemies of the Ojibwe. The words Lakota and Dakota, however, are translated to mean “friend” or “ally” and is what they called themselves. Many '''[not all]''' Lakota people today prefer to be called Lakota instead of Sioux, as Sioux was a disrespectful name given to them by their enemies.'' :''There are seven bands of the Lakota tribe. In South Dakota, there are four Lakota reservations: Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Standing Rock, and Cheyenne River. Each of the reservations are home to a different branch of the Lakota people.'' There are - of course - some groups who prefer Sioux over Lakota. It would be prudent to check with several members of each community to determine preference. :I.a. Oglala :I.b. Sicangu or Brule :I.c. Itazipco or Sans Arcs :I.d. Sihasapa :I.e. Minneconjou :I.f. Oohenonpa :I.g. Hunkpapa === II. Nakota, Wiciyela, or Middle Dakota === :II.a. Yankton :II.b. Yanktonai ::II.b.1. Upper :::II.b.1.a Pa-haska or Pabaska :::II.b.1.b. Can-ona or Wazi-kute :::II.b.1.c. Takini :::II.b.1.d. Sik-sicena :::II.b.1.e. Bakikon :::II.b.1.f. Kiyuksa ::II.b.2. Lower :::II.b.2.a. Pte-yute-cni or :::II.b.2.b. Hunkpatina or People of the Pole or "Gens de Perche" :::II.b.2.c. Pute-temini :::II.b.2.d. Sun-ikceka :::II.b.2.e. Taquka-yuta :::II.b.2.f. San-ona :::II.b.2.g. Iha-ca :::II.b.2.h. Ite-xu === III. Dakota, Santee, or Eastern Dakota === :III.a. Mdewakanton :III.b. Wahpekute :III.c. Sisseton :III.d. Wahpeton == Today's Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota == ===In Manitoba === From Indigenous Peoples of Manitoba, a guide for newcomers:[https://mcccanada.ca/sites/mcccanada.ca/files/media/common/documents/indigenousguide2017-web.pdf Indigenous Peoples of Manitoba, a guide for newcomers] :''Some say that Dakota means “friend” or “ally.” The Dakota are also called Sioux. This is not their own name. Rather it has become a term that refers to the people of the Seven Fireplaces, or Oceti Sakawin, which includes other groups. The Dakota prefer to be called Dakota....'' :''There are only five Dakota communities in Manitoba. The Dakota have permanently lived in Canada since the mid 1860s, but they migrated in and out of the area long before that. The Dakota inhabited areas from Lake of the Woods to what is now southeast Saskatchewan. They settled in southern Manitoba and the North-West Territories (now Alberta and Saskatchewan).'' *Birdtail Sioux First NationUS-Dakota War, [https://www.usdakotawar.org/stories/communities Communities] ::Birdtail Sioux First Nation is a member of the [http://www.dotc.mb.ca/index.html Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council]. *[https://www.dakotaplainswahpetonoyate.com/ Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation][https://www.dakotaplainswahpetonoyate.com/ Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation] *[http://www.dakotatipi.ca/ Dakota Tipi First Nation][http://www.dakotatipi.ca/ Dakota Tipi First Nation] *[https://svdngovernance.com/ Sioux Valley Dakota Nation][https://svdngovernance.com/ Sioux Valley Dakota Nation] US-Dakota War, [https://www.usdakotawar.org/stories/communities/sioux-valley-dakota-nation Sioux Valley Dakota Nation] ::''Sioux Valley Dakota Nation (SVDN), which was once known as Oak River Reserve, was recognized as a Canadian Indian Reserve in 1875.'' *[http://whitecapdakota.com/ Whitecap Dakota First Nation][http://whitecapdakota.com/ Whitecap Dakota First Nation] === In Minnesota === Historically, before the U.S-Dakota War of 1862, the Dakota in Minnesota were comprised of four groups: *Bdewakantunwan (Mdewakanton) Dakota *Wahpekute Dakota *Sissitunwan (Sisseton) Dakota *Wahpetunwan (Wahpeton) Dakota All groups were expelled from Minnesota after the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862.[https://healingmnstories.wordpress.com/2019/03/03/this-day-in-history-congress-exiles-dakota-from-minnesota-1863-civilization-fund-act-passes-1819-and-more/#:~:text=)%3B%20and%20More-,This%20Day%20in%20History%3A%20Congress%20Exiles%20Dakota%20from%20Minnesota%20(1863,Passes%20(1819)%3B%20and%20More&text=On%20this%20day%20in%20history,law%20still%20in%20effect%20today. Healing Minnesota Stories] :''On this day in history, March 3, 1863, Congress passed a law exiling the Dakota people from Minnesota, a law still in effect today. '' :''Officially, it was called: 'An Act for the Removal of the Sisseton, Wahpaton, Medawakanton and Wahpakoota Bands of Sioux or Dakota Indians, and for the disposition of their Lands in Minnesota and Dakotas.''' Today, four federally-recognized Dakota communities exist in Minnesota.[https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/02/01/2019-00897/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of Federal Register] "The four communities were reestablished in their current localities by acts of Congress in 1886. The four Dakota Communities today represent small segments of the original reservation that were restored to the Dakota by Acts of Congress or Proclamations of the Secretary of Interior."[https://mn.gov/indianaffairs/index.html Minnesota Indian Affairs Council] *Cansa'yapi / [https://lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community][https://lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community] *Tinta Winta / [http://prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community][http://prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community] *Medwakanton / [https://shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community][https://shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community] *Pezihutazizi / [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Oyate (Upper Sioux Community)] [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Oyate (Upper Sioux Community)] A Dakota community in Minnesota not federally recognized is the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community.[https://mendotadakota.com/mn/ Mendota Dakota] Due to expulsion, Eastern Dakota with ancestral ties to Minnesota may be connected to or members of communities outside of Minnesota, including: :In Nebraska: ::[http://www.santeedakota.org/santee_sioux_tribe_of_nebraska.htm Santee Sioux Tribe][http://www.santeedakota.org/santee_sioux_tribe_of_nebraska.htm Santee Sioux Tribe] :In North Dakota: ::[https://www.swo-nsn.gov/ Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate] (Lake Traverse Reservation)[https://www.swo-nsn.gov/ Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate] (Lake Traverse Reservation) ::[http://www.spiritlakenation.com/ Spirit Lake Nation][http://www.spiritlakenation.com/ Spirit Lake Nation] :In South Dakota: ::[http://crowcreekconnections.org/ Crow Creek Sioux Tribe][http://crowcreekconnections.org/ Crow Creek Sioux Tribe] ::[https://fsst-nsn.gov/ Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe][https://fsst-nsn.gov/ Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe] ::[https://www.swo-nsn.gov/ Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate] (Lake Traverse Reservation) === In Montana === *[http://www.fortpecktribes.org/ Fort Peck Tribes] === In Nebraska === *[https://oglalalakotanation.info/ Oglala Lakota Nation] (Pine Ridge Reservation)[https://oglalalakotanation.info/ Oglala Lakota Nation] (Pine Ridge Reservation) ::Division: Teton *[http://www.santeedakota.org/santee_sioux_tribe_of_nebraska.htm Santee Sioux Tribe] === In North Dakota === *[https://www.swo-nsn.gov/ Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate] (Lake Traverse Reservation) ::Division: Santee ::Bands: Sisseton (Fish Dwellers), Wahpeton (Forest Dwellers) *[http://www.spiritlakenation.com/ Spirit Lake Nation] *[https://www.standingrock.org/ Standing Rock Sioux Tribe][https://www.standingrock.org/ Standing Rock Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Teton, Yankton ::Bands: Hunkpapa (Campers at the Horn) Siha Sapa (Blackfoot), Ihantonwanna (Little Dwellers at the End of the Village) Ihanktonwan (Dwellers at the End of the Village) ===In South Dakota === Today, nine Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota reservations are located in South Dakota.[https://www.stjo.org/native-american-culture/oceti-sakowin-seven-council-fires/south-dakota-reservations/ South Dakota Reservations] *[https://www.cheyenneriversiouxtribe.org/ Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe][https://www.cheyenneriversiouxtribe.org/ Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Teton ::Bands: Mnicoujou (Planters by the Water), Oohenumpa (Two Kettle), Itazipco (Sans Arc or Without Bows) and Siha Sapa (Blackfoot) *[http://crowcreekconnections.org/ Crow Creek Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Santee, Yankton ::Bands: Mdewakanton (People of Spirit Lake) and Ihanktonwan (Dwellers at the End of the Village) *[https://fsst-nsn.gov/ Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Santee ::BANDS: Mdewakantonwan (People of Spirit Lake) and Wahpekute (Leaf Shooters) *[https://www.lowerbrulesiouxtribe.com/ Kul Wicasa Oyate/Lower Brule Sioux Tribe][https://www.lowerbrulesiouxtribe.com/ Kul Wicasa Oyate/Lower Brule Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Teton ::Bands: Sicangu (Burnt Thigh or Brule) *[https://oglalalakotanation.info/ Oglala Lakota Nation] (Pine Ridge Reservation) ::Division: Teton ::Bands: Oglala (Scatter Their Own) *[https://www.rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov/ Sicangu Lakota Oyate/Rosebud Sioux Tribe][https://www.rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov/ Sicangu Lakota Oyate/Rosebud Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Teton ::Bands: Sicangu (Burnt Thigh or Brule) *[https://www.swo-nsn.gov/ Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate] (Lake Traverse Reservation) ::Division: Santee ::Bands: Sisseton (Fish Dwellers), Wahpeton (Forest Dwellers) *[https://www.standingrock.org/ Standing Rock Sioux Tribe] ::Division: Teton, Yankton ::Bands: Hunkpapa (Campers at the Horn) Siha Sapa (Blackfoot), Ihantonwanna (Little Dwellers at the End of the Village) Ihanktonwan (Dwellers at the End of the Village) *[https://www.yanktonsiouxtribe.net/ Yankton Sioux Tribe][https://www.yanktonsiouxtribe.net/ Yankton Sioux Tribe] ::Division:  Yankton ::Bands: Ihanktonwan (Dwellers at the End of the Village) === Sources ===

[[Category:Native Americans Project]] [[Category:Native Americans]] [[Category:Native_American_Sources]] [[Category:Dawes Rolls]] [[Category:Five Civilized Tribes, Final Rolls]] '''DAWES ACT OF 1887''' {{Image |file=Dawes_Act-1.jpg |align=l |size=200 |caption=Dawes Act First Page }} {{Image |file=Dawes_Act.jpg |align=r |size=200 |caption=Dawes Act Final Page }} The Dawes Act of 1887 authorized the President of the United States to subdivide Native American tribal landholdings into allotments distributed to the individual tribal members. It also opened up remaining Native land for white settlers. Introduced in the Senate of the 49th United States Congress by [[Dawes-440|Henry L. Dawes]] (R-MA) Signed into law by President [[Cleveland-110|Grover Cleveland]] on February 8, 1887. Although the act was passed in 1887, the federal government implemented the Dawes Act "on a tribe-by-tribe basis" thereafter. For example, in 1895, Congress passed the Hunter Act, which administered Dawes "among the Southern Ute. The "Five Civilized Tribes" (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole) were initially exempt from the Dawes Act, resulting in the creation of the [[Space:Dawes_Act#Daws_Commission|Dawes Commission]] in 1893. The Dawes Act was amended by the [[Space:Dawes_Act#Curtis_Act_of_1898|Curtis Act of 1898]] and [[Space:Dawes_Act#Burke_Act_of_1906|The Burke Act of 1906]]. In 1934 the [[Space:Dawes_Act#repeal|US Indian Reorganization Act]] (aka Wheeler-Howard Law) repealed the Act.Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Act Dawes Act of 1887] * The Dawes Act of 1887 was named after Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts. * Other short titles: Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 * Long Title: An Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes. * Nicknames: General Allotment Act of 1887 Read the [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/dawes-act.htm full text] of the Act. ---- == Amendments == The Dawes Act was amended twice: ==== Curtis Act of 1898 ==== :The Curtis Act of 1898 extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the "Five Civilized Tribes," required the abolition of their governments, allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members, and sale of lands declared surplus, as well as dissolving tribal courts.Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898 Curtis Act of 1898] ==== Burke Act of 1906 ==== :The Burke Act of 1906 provided that Native Americans who had been allotted land under the Dawes Act "would not become citizens of the United States until they were deemed legally competent to manage their own affairs" and extended the trust period beyond 25 years, as originally stipulated in the Dawes Act, so that land could now be held in a trust indefinitely by the U.S. government.Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Act Burke Act of 1906] === Repeal === The Dawes Act was replaced in 1934 with the US Indian Reorganization Act (also known as the Wheeler-Howard Law) on June 18, 1934.Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act] It prohibited any further land allotment. == Dawes Commission == The "Five Civilized Tribes" (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole) were initially exempt from the Dawes Act, resulting in the creation of the Dawes Commission in 1893 as a delegation which came to define tribal belonging in terms of blood-quantum. {{Image |file=kidd-3882.jpg |align=r |size=200 |caption=Original Dawes Commission Members }} An act of Congress approved March 3, 1893, established a commission to negotiate agreements with the Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Cherokee Indian tribes. The commission became known as the Dawes Commission, after its chairman Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts. The commission's mission was to divide tribal land into plots which were then divided among the members of the tribe. As part of this process, the Commission either accepted or rejected applicants for tribal membership based on whether the tribal government had previously recognized the applicant as a member of the tribe and other legal requirements. Applicants were categorized as Citizens by Blood, Citizens by Marriage, Minor Citizens by Blood, New Born Citizens by Blood, Freedmen (African Americans formerly enslaved by tribal members), New Born Freedmen, and Minor Freedmen.NARA Native American Heritage Dawes Records https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes#resources The Dawes Commission, was named for its first chairman [[Dawes-440|Henry L. Dawes]], was authorized under a rider to an Indian Office appropriation bill, March 3, 1893. Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title of Indian lands, and adopt the policy of dividing tribal lands into individual allotments that was enacted for other tribes as the Dawes Act of 1887. In November 1893, President Grover Cleveland appointed Dawes as chairman, and [[Kidd-3882|Meridith H. Kidd]] and [[McKennon-70|Archibald S. McKennon]] as members. === Dawes Rolls === :See the [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]] page on WikiTree for details. == Resources == * National Archives: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/background.html Background on the Dawes Commission] * Wyoming HIstory: [https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/fragmenting-tribal-lands-dawes-act-1887 Fragmenting Tribal Lands: The Dawes Act of 1887] == Sources == :'''See Also''' :* [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]] page on WikiTree :* [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree

[[Category:Dawes Rolls]] [[Category:Five Civilized Tribes, Final Rolls]] [[Category:Native_American_Sources]] The [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] of February 8, 1887 allowed for a Federal commission to prepare new citizenship rolls for the Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma (Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) which incorporated the names of approved applicants while simultaneously documenting those who were considered doubtful and ultimately rejected. Upon approval of the Rolls, the Dawes Commission allotted a share of communal land to the approved individual members of these Tribes. The list of approved applications created the "[[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Final Rolls of the Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory]]". ---- '''UNDERSTANDING THE DAWES CENSUS CARDS''' Dawes Census Cards list the enrollee's name, age, sex, blood quantum, tribe, place of residence, and roll number. In general, the age shown on the census card is the age of the individual around 1902. Members of the same household are typically listed on the same card. Those listed as "newborns" and "minors" were born after enrollment began in 1898 but before March of 1907, and are listed on a separate card. Census cards may also reference earlier rolls. {{Image|file=Dawes_Rolls-2.jpg |align=c |size=600 |caption=Dawes Census Card }} '''Important Details''' :NARA [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/dawes-census.html Deciphering the Census Cards] - Each sample includes both an original and an annotated copy. :* [https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/images/dawes-approved-census-card.pdf Approved Dawes Census Card Sample] :* [https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/images/dawes-rejected-census-card1.pdf Rejected Dawes Census Card Sample] :* [https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/images/dawes-denied-freedmen-census-card1.pdf Denied Freemen Dawes Census Card Sample] :Details Referenced in the NARA Sample Cards #Residence, County #Post Office #Tribe #Field No. (aka Census Card No.) Number is repeated on other Dawes records for the same individual #Dawes Roll Number #Name of Applicant and Family #Relationship to Person First Named #Age #Sex #''Approved & Rejected'' - Blood (Quantum) #*''Freedmen'' - Tribal Enrollment - Year, County, and Number on the Roll #''Approved & Rejected'' - Tribal Enrollment - Year, County, and Number on the Roll #*''Freedmen'' - Slave of #''Approved & Rejected'' - Tribal Enrollment of Parents - Father and Mother's Names, Year, and County #*''Freedmen'' - Remarks #''Approved'' - Clarification Notes or Decision #*''Rejected'' - Decision #*''Freedmen'' - Date of Denied Enrollment #''Approved'' - Date of Approved Enrollment #*''Rejected & Freedmen'' - Additional Notations '''Tribes''' :Cherokees :Choctaws :Chickasaws :Creeks :Seminoles :Delaware :Mississippi Choctaws '''Categories and Abbreviations''' :Adopted (A) :Citizens by blood (BB) :Citizens by marriage (IM) :Denied/doubtful (D) :Freedmen* (F) :Freedmen* Denied/doubtful (FD) :Freedmen* Rejected (FR) :Intermarried White (IW) :Minors by blood (M) :Minor Freedmen (FM) :Newborns by blood (NB) :Newborn Freedmen (FNB) :Rejected (R) :: *African Americans formerly enslaved by tribal members :'''See Also''' :* [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree :* [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]] page on WikiTree :* [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Dawes_Census_Card|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]]

[[Category:Dawes Rolls]] [[Category:Five Civilized Tribes, Final Rolls]] [[Category:Native_American_Sources]] '''DAWES ROLLS''' '''So what are the Dawes Rolls, anyway?''' {{Image |file=Dawes_Rolls-3.jpg |align=r |size=200 |caption=Dawes Rolls Index }} The Dawes Act, passed by Congress in 1887, called for the allotment of land for all Native peoples in the United States. The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission Final Rolls) were created by the United States [[Space:Dawes_Act#Dawes_Commission|Dawes Commission]]. The Commission was authorized by United States Congress in 1893 to execute the General Allotment Act of 1887. A further act of Congress on April 26, 1906, closed the rolls effective March 5, 1907. An additional 312 persons were enrolled under an act approved August 1, 1914. Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Rolls Dawes Rolls] The Dawes Rolls are the lists of individuals who were accepted as eligible for a land allotment for the "Five Civilized Tribes": Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. (The rolls do not include those whose applications were stricken, rejected or judged as doubtful.) Individuals had to live in their tribal nation in Indian Territory by 1896 and still be alive and living there in 1903 in order to be included on the Dawes. There was a special process for children born between 1896 and 1907 and birth affidavits were required. Those found eligible for the Final Rolls were entitled to an allotment of land, usually as a homestead. {{Image |file=Dawes_Rolls-2.jpg |align=r |size=200 |caption=Dawes Census Card }} The Rolls contain more than 101,000 names from 1898-1914 (primarily from 1899-1906). Today these five tribes continue to use the Dawes Rolls as the basis for determining tribal membership. They usually require applicants to provide proof of descent from a person who is listed on these rolls. For further study on the Dawes Act of 1887, please visit the [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] WikiTree page. To better understand the Dawes Census Cards, please visit the [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] WikiTree page. ---- '''Is that my ancestor on the Dawes Rolls?''' Only if you can answer '''YES''' to the following questions: '''Did he or she live in Indian Territory between 1895 and 1905? ''' To be on the Dawes you had to live in Indian Territory by 1896 and still be there (and alive) in 1903 or be listed as a Mississippi Choctaw who had moved to Indian Territory during the Dawes period and met certain other requirements. Children born between 1896 and 1907 were also eligible with proof of birth to qualifying parents. '''Was he or she Cherokee (including some Adopted Delaware and Shawnee), Choctaw (including some Mississippi Choctaw), Creek(Muscogee), Chickasaw, or Seminole, the white spouse of a tribal member, or a person formerly enslaved by a tribal member (Freedman)? ''' The Dawes only applied to those tribes, certain spouses, and certain Freedmen. Other tribes in Indian Territory or Oklahoma territory are not included. White spouses were only eligible if married before 1876. '''Did he or she live in the area controlled by his her or tribe?''' Cherokee had to live in the Cherokee Nation, Choctaw in the Choctaw Nation, etc. '''If you answered yes to all the questions, the next step is to search the index to the rolls for your ancestor.''' Free indexes to the Final Rolls can be found on-line at the National Archives at https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/final-rolls.html, at Access genealogy https://accessgenealogy.com/native/final-rolls-index.htm, and at the Oklahoma Historical Society at https://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes. You can also search on Ancestry and Fold3. Digitized images of supporting documents can be found at Ancestry.com and Fold3.com ($); copies can be ordered from the National Archives. The searchable index will give you the person’s tribe, status (by blood, intermarried white, freedman, minor), age, sex, roll number and sometimes the names of other family members. Each person has a census card number (each family unit has the same card number) and a roll number (unique to each person when combined with their status). Use this information to determine whether you have a “same-name” situation or you have found your ancestor. Use Fold3 or Ancestry to find the actual census card and “jacket” for that card. Sometimes the only way to determine if the person on the roll is your ancestor is to look at the actual card and jacket.The census cards vary slightly by tribe, but also include the names of the person’s parents and whether they were tribal citizens or not. Many cards contain information on earlier census records and other notes. The jacket contains the original application and sometimes supporting documents like marriage records or birth affidavits. ---- '''Where Do I Find The Dawes Rolls Online?''' :'''Oklahoma Historical Society''' :''What information do I need before I search?'' :You will need to trace your way back to a direct ancestor who was living in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) during the enrollment period, 1898–1906. If the individual was a married woman, you should look for her under her married name. :* [http://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes.php Search the Dawes Final Rolls, 1898–1914] :''About the 1896 Applications for Enrollment'' :The census and enrollment of 1896 was disregarded and was not used as a basis for enrollment. This was due to some individuals and families being enrolled by the federal courts, which did not have the jurisdiction to determine who was a citizen and who was not. For years the 1896 enrollment of the members of the Five Tribes has created issues for genealogists, but now may provide clues that lead to other discoveries. :* [https://www.okhistory.org/research/applications1896 1896 Applications for Enrollment] :'''National Archives''' :The most requested Dawes Commission records are Census Cards, Enrollment Jackets, and Land Allotment Jackets. Researchers generally start with Census Cards and then continue with Enrollment Jackets and Land Allotment Jackets. {{Image |file=Dawes_Rolls.jpg |align=r |size=225 |caption=[https://www.archives.gov/files/research/native-americans/images/dawes-flowchart.pdf Download this flowchart from the NARA] }} ::Dawes Rolls Tutorial :::Step 1: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/tutorial/intro.html Introduction] :::Step 2: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/tutorial/census-cards.html Check to see if the person's Census Card is described online] :::Step 3: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/tutorial/rolls-index.html Use the Index to the Final Rolls online] :::Step 4: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/tutorial/final-rolls.html Look up the Person in the Final Rolls online] :::Step 5: [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/tutorial/final-steps.html What You Can Do Next?] ::Accesses the Dawes Rolls at NARA :* [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/final-rolls.html Digitized Index to the Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory (Dawes)] :* [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/dawes-census.html Census/Enrollment Cards] :* [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/dawes-enrollment.html Enrollment Jackets] :* [https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940] :* [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/abbreviations.html Categories and Abbreviations] :'''Access Genealogy''' :This is the index to the names of individuals entitled to enrollment on the rolls of the various tribes comprising the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Each index entry gives an enrollee’s name and final roll number. After a person’s enrollment category and final roll number have been determined, the final rolls can be searched to discover the enrollee’s census card number. Not all roll numbers mentioned in this index, have a corresponding person mentioned in the Dawes Roll. :* [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/final-rolls-index.htm Final Rolls Index] :'''FamilySearch.org''' :* [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1852353 Oklahoma Applications for Enrollment to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914] :* [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1390101 Oklahoma Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes, 1899-1907] :'''Ancestry.com''' (Requires Subscription) :* [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1241/ U.S., Native American Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914] :* [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2397/ U.S., Native American Applications for Enrollment in Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914] :'''Fold3.com''' (Requires Subscription) :* [https://www.fold3.com/title/69/dawes-enrollment-cards Dawes Enrollment Cards] :* [https://www.fold3.com/title/70/dawes-packets Dawes Packets] :'''See Also''' :* [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree :* [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree

[[Category:Federally Recognized Native American Tribes of Minnesota]] == Federally Recognized American Indian Tribes of Minnesota == === Anishinaabe === :''All seven Anishinaabe reservations in Minnesota [today] were originally established by treaty and are considered separate and distinct nations by the United States government.''[https://mn.gov/indianaffairs/index.html Minnesota Indian Affairs Council] *Asabiikone-zaag'igan / [https://boisforte.com/ Bois Forte Band of Chippewa][https://boisforte.com/ Bois Forte Band of Chippewa] *Nah-gah-chi-wa-nong / [https://www.fdlrez.com/ Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa][https://www.fdlrez.com/ Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa] *Kitchi-Onigaming / [https://www.grandportage.com/ Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa][https://www.grandportage.com/ Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa] *Gaa-zagaskwaabiganikaag / [https://www.llojibwe.org/ Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe][https://www.llojibwe.org/ Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe] *Misi-zaaga'iganiing / [https://millelacsband.com/ Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe][https://millelacsband.com/ Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe] *Miskwaagamiiwi-zaaga'iganiing / [https://www.redlakenation.org/ Red Lake Nation][https://www.redlakenation.org/ Red Lake Nation] *Gaa-waabaabigbiganikaag / [https://whiteearth.com/home White Earth Nation] (1867)[https://whiteearth.com/home White Earth Nation] ===Dakota === :''The original Dakota Community was established by treaty in 1851....However, in the aftermath of the U.S.-Dakota [War] of 1862, Congress abrogated all treaties made with [the Dakota] and [they] were forced from their homes in the state.... [F]our communities were reestablished in their current localities by acts of Congress in 1886. The four Dakota Communities today represent small segments of the original reservation that were restored to the Dakota by Acts of Congress or Proclamations of the Secretary of Interior.'' *Cansa'yapi / [https://lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community][https://lowersioux.com/ Lower Sioux Indian Community] *Tinta Winta / [http://prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community][http://prairieisland.org/ Prairie Island Indian Community] *Medwakanton / [https://shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community][https://shakopeedakota.org/ Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community] *Pezihutazizi / [http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Oyate (Upper Sioux Community)][http://www.uppersiouxcommunity-nsn.gov/ Oyate (Upper Sioux Community)] == Sources == ==Acknowledgements== *Thanks to [[D-312|S D]] for adding this information.

[[Category:Cherokee Team]] [[Category: Native American Genealogy Resources]] ''Click'' [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Native_Americans:_Cherokee here] ''for more general information on the Cherokee.'' ''Click'' [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Cherokee_Genealogy_before_1800 here] ''for information on Cherokee genealogy before 1800.'' ''Click'' [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Finding_a_Cherokee_Freedman_Ancestor here] ''for information on Cherokee Freedman genealogy.'' =='''Finding a Cherokee Ancestor'''== Until the time of the Revolutionary War, the Cherokee lived exclusively along the streams and rivers flowing south and southwest from the lower Appalachian/Great Smoky Mountains. Although the Cherokee claimed territory which included both Kentucky and the southwest tip of Virginia, their towns were all located in the area where North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina come together. Wars and white encroachment pushed the Cherokee farther south and west, abandoning many towns in Tennessee and moving into Georgia and Alabama. By 1835 54% of the eastern Cherokee population lived in northwest Georgia, about 22% in North Carolina, 15% in Tennessee, and 8% in Alabama. About 1/4 of the Cherokee had already moved west first into Arkansas and Texas, and then finally to Indian Territory. From Removal until the 20th century, the approximately 1500 Cherokee (and their descendants) who remained in the East at Removal continued to live in their original locations. The first step to finding a Cherokee ancestor is to carefully document your family back to about 1900. Were they living in North Carolina or Oklahoma where most Cherokee lived? Were they in southeastern Tennessee or north Georgia where the Cherokee lived until Removal? Most Cherokee and Cherokee descendants will be found in these areas. There was (and still is) a small, well-documented Cherokee/Muskogee/Chickasaw community in Rusk County, Texas, and a few Cherokee went to California at the time of the Gold Rush and never returned (they and their relatives are found on some rolls). Most Cherokee people will not be found on U.S. Census records before 1900. Finding an ancestor in a U.S. census, tax, or land record before 1850 almost certainly means they were not Cherokee. Cherokee people will be found on the twenty-plus rolls and Cherokee censuses created between 1818 and 1929. Most rolls were created to distribute cash payments or land so, contrary to popular myth, people were generally eager to sign up. Those who were missed objected, appealed, and sometimes went to court. leaving plenty of documents behind. Determining whether a name found on a roll is the same person as your ancestor usually requires reading applications and supporting documents and making comparisons with earlier Cherokee records. '''''Anyone born between 1850 - 1906 who is believed to be Cherokee or a Cherokee descendant should be found on at least one of the following rolls: ''''' The 1924 '''Baker Roll''', the ''Final Roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina'', was created between 1924 and 1929. Similar to the 1896 Dawes roll, the process was managed by non-Cherokee people. Individuals listed on the "Final" roll as "Contested" were accepted by the enrolling commission, but were refused tribal affiliation. Applicants had to meet a number of requirements to be enrolled, including a residence requirement. Most of the people who applied were Cherokee or Cherokee descendants, but not all were eligible to enroll. Many were rejected by the commissioners because they no longer lived in the Qualla area, most of those with a blood quantum less than 1/8 were denied tribal affiliation. Applications include genealogical information. This roll is digitized at FamilySearch, beginning at image 92 [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS42-9H5J-W?i=92&cc=2796818&cat=266329 Baker] ; in order to determine whether a name on the Baker Roll is your ancestor you must also look at the original application and supporting documents, digitized at Ancestry.com ($) The 1907 '''Guion Miller/Eastern Cherokee Roll,''' is a list of ''applicants'' for a share of a four million dollar settlement for Cherokee people affected by Removal which was approved by Congress in 1906. Although some 90,000 people were named in the applications, only about 30,000 were actually Cherokee so it’s very common to find a rejected application. Some rejected applicants genuinely believed they had a Cherokee ancestor, but many applied under the direction of unscrupulous attorneys who often filled out the applications or provided false supporting affidavits for their clients. You must look at the actual application to see if the person was approved or rejected. All enrolled Cherokee and Cherokee descendants were eligible, except for the “Old Settlers” and their descendants. There was no residency requirement, but applicants had to prove they or their ancestors were listed on the 1851 Drennan Roll, the 1852 Chapman Roll, and/or the 1835 Cherokee census. Searchable index of applicants at [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/guion-miller.html archives]. Applications and supporting documents are digitized at FamilySearch (need application number to locate on film) at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/209173?availability=Family%20History%20Library applications] and are also digitized at Fold3 ($). All contain extensive genealogical information. The 1907 '''Cherokee Dawes Rolls''' are lists of people eligible for a land allotment in the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. If your ancestor was not living in Indian Territory in the 1890’s he or she cannot be on the Dawes. Whites outnumbered Indians in Indian Territory by 7 to 1 in 1900, so simply living in Indian Territory is not a good indicator. Applicants had to be Cherokee, Adopted Shawnee or Delaware living with the Cherokee in I.T., Cherokee Freedmen (freed slaves and their descendants), or an eligible non-Cherokee spouse. Indexes to the Final Rolls list names, ages, and other members of a family to help eliminate "same-name" individuals from your search. The Dawes Commission attempted to reach and enroll every person named on the 1896 Cherokee census. A very small number of Cherokee refused to apply for an allotment. Many of the refusers (or their spouses and children) were enrolled by others over their objections. The refusers can still be found on the 1896 Cherokee Census. Free indexes can be found on-line at the National Archives at [https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/final-rolls.html archives], at Access genealogy at [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/final-rolls-index.htm access], and at the Oklahoma Historical Society at [https://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes OHS]. You can also search on Ancestry and Fold3. Digitized images of supporting documents can be found at Ancestry.com and Fold3.com ($); copies can be ordered from the National Archives. Detailed information on the Dawes rolls can be found on the following Wikitree pages: ** [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Rolls]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree ** [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree The '''1896 Old Settler Payroll''' identified Old Settlers (or their heirs if they had died) who were on the 1851 Old Settler Roll and eligible for a payment. Since the Old Settlers weren’t eligible for the Eastern Cherokee (Guion Miller) payment, this payroll can be a good source for genealogical information. Heirs are identified by their relationship to the Old Settler and may include spouses, siblings, children/grandchildren/great-grandchildren, nieces and nephews. The age and residence of the heirs is also noted. A cross-reference between the Old Settler roll and the 1896 payroll is available in book form Hampton, David K., transcriber. Cherokee Old Settlers, combined transcript of 1851 and 1896 Old Settler Payrolls. 1993. National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 75, Microfilms T985 and 7RA34. In '''1851/52''' four rolls, the '''Drennan Roll,''' '''Old Settler Roll,''' '''Siler Roll, ''' and '''Chapman Roll,''' were created which between them listed virtually every living Cherokee and Cherokee descendant by name. #1851 Old Settler Roll - every name payroll of Cherokee who came to Indian Territory before 1835. Digitized at FamilySearch [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/473280-index-old-settler-roll-1851?viewer=1&offset=0#page=3&viewer=picture&o=info&n=0&q= Old_Settler] #1851 Drennan Roll of Emigrant Cherokee - every name census of Cherokee who came to Indian Territory between 1835 and 1850. Typed transcript at FamilySearch at [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/192394?availability=Family%20History%20Library Drennan]; original documents digitized at Ancestry.com($) #1851 Siler Roll - Eastern Cherokee eligible for a per capita payment per 1850 act of Congress. Every name roll. Transcribed at: Blankenship Bob, transcriber. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1, Eastern Cherokee Rolls. Self-published. Cherokee, N.C. 1992. #1852 Chapman Roll - record of those who received payment based on Siler census; Siler missed some families, later identified by Chapman, so the Chapman Roll includes about 300 additional names. Digitized at FamilySearch at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/479653-redirection Chapman] and ancestry.com ($) Individuals listed on the Chapman Roll living in Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama are frequently also found on the 1850 United States Census listed as white. If you cannot find your ancestor on any of the rolls listed above, it is highly unlikely that he or she was Cherokee. Interracial marriage was illegal in all of the sourthern states, so white men who married Cherokee women lived with their wives in the Cherokee Nation. Cherokee who remained in the East after Removal stayed in their homes, they did not migrate to other states. A list of the Cherokee families who were granted citizenship in Georgia between 1838 and 1845 can be found at [http://thegagenweb.com/gacherokee/GaCitizenship.htm#:~:text=Between%201836%20and%201845%2C%20the%2 Georgia]. Many of the descendants of the 75 or so families that remained in Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama after Removal emigrated to Indian Territory after the Civil War and were readmitted to Cherokee citizenship. A list of about 175 emigrants (mostly from North Carolina) 1880-1882 can be found on Ancestry.com at [https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/8810/images/42369_329855-00056?ssrc=&backlabel=Return NC1880]. '''Note:''' The '''1896 Cherokee Dawes Roll'''. The Dawes Commission began its’ work in the Cherokee Nation in 1896, but tens of thousands of non-Cherokee people filed applications. The Cherokee Nation objected and went to court to take over the certification process from non-Cherokee commissioners. All the 1896 applications were rejected and the process was begun a second time, with final eligibility determined by the Cherokee Nation. As with the Eastern Cherokee applications, attorneys often provided "help" in the form of fraudulent affidavits for their clients. Sadly, some Cherokee made money by supporting applicants' false claims. The list of 1896 applicants is digitized at Ancestry. If you find an ancestor on this list odds are high that he or she was not Cherokee. Copies of application packets can be ordered (for a fee) from the Oklahoma Historical Society. '''There are almost no genealogical records for Cherokee families before 1800.''' The records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee and the journals of the Moravian missionaries both begin at that time. Although neither is specifically genealogical in nature, both contain references to some individuals in families. The thousands of web sites and Internet trees that claim to document Cherokee families back before the Revolutionary War are at best speculative and most are complete fiction. ''Click'' [https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Cherokee_Genealogy_before_1800 here] ''for more information on Cherokee genealogy before 1800.'' ===Project Sticker === The Native Americans Cherokee Sticker should only be used for profiles of documented members of the Cherokee tribe who do not require Native American Project Protection. The sticker should be entered below the == Biography== line. Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker |tribe=Cherokee}}
Result:
{{Native American Sticker |tribe=Cherokee}} ===Resources/Sources=== Additional sources/resources can be found at: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Cherokee_Sources/Resources

[[Category:Native Americans Project]] '''INSTRUCTIONS''' After ensuring that a page does not yet exist for the team you want to create: #Copy everything below the red line #Click add thing on pull down bar top left #Paste what you copied in the bottom box #Top blank space ''NAME'' First Peoples: ''name of your tribe'' #Time Period fill in if relevant (have to use numbers - can't put present for example) #Location: Put '''geographic location''' such as Australia, Greenland, The Island of Mindoro, etc. #Surnames: add if you know any. If surname is the same as tribe name it isn't necessary to list it #Save page #Go to the project page by clicking on First Peoples in the template #Add the page to the list under Tribal Space Pages #Add profile links to your new space page by listing under profiles #Add space page link to each profile you add to your new space page #Contact a leader for help if you need it. We are happy to assist you! [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] This project is a sub-project of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]] ----

'''NAME HERE'''

The mission of the project is to add and improve profiles of Project /Tribe NAME. Project members take primary responsibility for relevant profiles or family groups and work on merging duplicates, cleaning up profiles, adding sources, removing incorrect information and offer research assistance as needed. ==How to Join https://www.wikitree.com/images/badge/native_americans.gif == To see our current members, please see the list below To join the project: # Ask the project leader [[Langholf-2|Eowyn]] to add the project badge. # Add the line [[Category:Tribe or Nation Name Team]] to the text area of your profile page. This will add you to the list of participants on the appropriate team category. # Add "Name of Tribe" to [[Special:Following|your G2G tag feed]]. If the tribe name includes multiple words use an underscore (_) between words. # Add the same tag to any discussions in G2G involving the team or topic or any of its sub-projects. # Check out the To-Do list below to find something to help us work on, and add yourself (or ask one of us to) to that task. # Please join the Google Mail Group for the native-americans-project @ googlegroups . com. == Goals == *For each person: # All duplicates merged into lowest number # PPP added only for individuals who are historically significant or are the subject of many merges. # pertaining categories added # templates added # biography cleaned up and written, using the WikiTree Style Guide (can work with Profile Improvement Project for help) # Attached family meets these goals, too # Attached to the main WikiTree family tree (ask the GFR for help) ==Project Scope== The is a sub-project of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]]. The time frame will cover pre-colonial until the present. ==Participants== Add your name to the list below, along with a note about what you're working on in this project right now. * - Project Coordinator. Answering questions and working to add and improve profiles. == Project Template == Send [[Langholf-2|Eowyn]] a note to create a project template for this sub-project. The sub-project template will be similar to this with a sub-project specific image. Sample usage: {{Native American|tribe=Pit River Nation}}
Result:

{{Native American|tribe=Pit River Nation}} ==Introduction == ===Profiles=== ===Maps=== ===Language=== ===Miscellaneous=== ==WikiTree Project Space Pages== ==Other Space Pages== == WikiTree Resources == ''Remember a lot of questions can be answered by referring to the help pages link at the top right of pages.'' *[[:Category:Styles_and_Standards|Styles and Standards]] Help with Styles and Standards *[[Project_protecting_and_merging|Project Protecting and merging]] Help on PPP and Merging *[[:Category: GEDCOM Help|Help with Gedcoms]] Gedcom Help and answers *[[Formatting|Formatting]] Help with formatting on a profile ==External Links== ==Sources==

[[Category: Native Americans Project]] [[Catlin-838|George Catlin WikiTree Profile]] George Catlin was an American lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the American frontier. Catlin began his journey in 1830 when he accompanied Governor William Clark on a diplomatic mission up the Mississippi River into Native American territory. St. Louis became Catlin’s base of operations for five trips he took between 1830 and 1836, eventually visiting fifty tribes. Two years later he ascended the Missouri River more than 1900 miles to Fort Union Trading Post, near what is now the North Dakota-Montana border, where he spent several weeks among indigenous people who were still relatively untouched by European culture. He visited eighteen tribes, including the Pawnee, Omaha, and Ponca in the south and the Mandan, Hidatsa, Cheyenne, Crow, Assiniboine, and Blackfeet to the north. There he produced the most vivid and penetrating portraits of his career. During later trips along the Arkansas, Red, and Mississippi rivers, as well as visits to Florida and the Great Lakes, he produced more than 500 paintings and gathered a substantial collection of artifacts. Museums and Galleries where Caitlin's works may be viewed: * [https://americanart.si.edu/artist/george-catlin-782 Smithsonian American Art Museum] Below are some of Catlin's works found on WikiTree with a link to the subject's WikiTree profile. ---- == Paintings == {{Image|file=Choctaw-173.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Choctaw-173|Moshulatubbee Choctaw]] }} {{Image|file=Foster-2926-2.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[White_Cloud-5|Francis White Cloud]] }} {{Image|file=Ioway-13.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Ioway-13|Washkamonya Ioway]] }} {{Image|file=Pitchlynn-6-3.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Pitchlynn-6|Peter Perkins Pitchlynn]] }} {{Image|file=Wikitree_profile_images-105.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=Unknown }} {{Image|file=Nawkaw-1-1.jpg |align=r |size=m |caption=[[Nawkaw-1|Nąga (Nawkaw) Keramąnįga]] }} {{Image|file=Powell-7907-1.jpg |align=l |size=m |caption=[[Powell-7907|Osceola Powell]] }} ---- == Contemporary Artists == * [[Space:Charles_Bird_King_Native_American_Portraits|Charles Bird King Native American Portraits]]

[[Category: Horn Papers Fraud]] The ''Horn Papers'' "were a genealogical hoax consisting of forged historical records pertaining to the northeastern United States for the period from 1765 to 1795. They were published by William Franklin Horn (1870-1956) of Topeka, Kansas between 1933 and 1936, and presented as a transcription of documents of his great-great-great grandfather, Jacob Horn (died 1778), and other members of the Horn family... In 1945 the papers were published as a three-volume collection entitled The Horn Papers: Early Western Movement on the Monongahela and Upper Ohio, 1765–1795... [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Papers Horn Papers] (Wikipedia) "Criticism from historical scholars prompted the Institute of Early American History & Culture External, an independent research organization sponsored by the College of William & Mary, to launch an investigation. The Archivist of the United States, Solon Justus Buck, chaired a committee of eleven experts who engaged in a thorough examination. Scientific dating and evaluation was applied to items of metal, glass, ink, and paper in Horn's collection. Intense analysis of history and language enabled the identification and assessment of inconsistencies, conflicts, and anachronisms in Horn's text."Library of Congress, "Horn Papers: Forged Local Papers," available at https://guides.loc.gov/horn-papers (last accessed 19 Feb 2023) The committee's report, published in ':The William and Mary Quarterly," concluded that the first two volumes were substantially hoaxes. Middleton, Arthur Pierce, and Douglass Adair. “The Mystery of the Horn Papers.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 4, 1947, pp. 409–445. JSTOR, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919635 Mystery]. Accessed 26 Feb. 2021. Digital copies of this work may be found at [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873982 HathiTrust] and (Volume I) [https://archive.org/details/hornpapersearlyw01horn ArchiveOrg] . For a current listing of WikiTree Profiles impacted by the Horn Papers hoax, see [[:Category:Horn_Papers_Fraud]]. Please add any additional affected profiles to the Category "Horn_Papers_Fraud" and refer to the individual profiles for additional details. == Sources == === Additional Reading === *Trusting Local Aftifacts (Univ. of Massachusetts) [https://www.umass.edu/wsp/method/history/outline/horn.html The Horn Papers]: * Jane A. Leavell, [https://littlecalamity.tripod.com/Genealogy/Horn.html The Horn Papers] *Silver, Peter. “Unreliable Sources.” Harvard Review, no. 37, 2009, pp. 104–116, https://doi.org/10.2307/1919635, Accessed 1 June 2023. * Library of Congress, "Horn Papers: Forged Local Papers," available at https://guides.loc.gov/horn-papers (last accessed 19 Feb 2023). *Raymond M. Bell, "The Horn Brothers of Washington County, Pennsylvania," Keyhole Vol. XXI, No. 1, Geneological Society of Southwestern Pennasylvania: January 1993, available at http://chartiers.com/raybell/1993-horn.html (last accessed 18 Feb 2023).

[[Category: Sources by Name]] =Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties= *Compiled and edited by Charles Joseph Kappler *published by the Goverment Printing Office, in Washington D.C., 1901- *multiple volumes **Vols. 1-5 reprints; some text omitted from v.4.Vols. 1-2 2d ed. Includes indexes. Vol. 6- published by United States. Department. of the Interior under title: Kappler's Indian affairs. Vols. I-II: 57th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Document 452; v. III: 62d Congress, 2d session. Senate. Document 719; v. IV: 70th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Document 53; v. V: 76th Congress, 3d session. Senate. Document no. 194. Commonly known as the Kappler report. *contains treaties and land allotments *Source example: :::Kappler, Charles Joseph. [[Space:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties|Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties]] (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904-) *In-line citation example: :::[[#Kappler|Kappler]]: Vol.4, Page 1026 * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==availability== online: *Hathitrust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000084638/Home (vol. 1-7, full text)

[[Category: Sources by Name]] [[Category:United States Census Records]] [[Category: Native American Sources]] =Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940= *National Archives and Records Service, United States, 1965 *Listed in "Microfilm Resources for Research" 1986 as M595 *https://archive.org/details/indian_census *Collection was created on archive.org 9 September 2010 by archivist Jeff Kaplan *Collection contains 692 microforms (scanned images of NARS microfilm reels) **Microfilm was provided by Genealogy Center, Allen County Public Library, Fort Wayne, Indiana and is sponsored by The Internet Archive. *Source Citation example: ::National Archives and Records Service [[Space:Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940|Indian Census of the United States,1885-1940]] (United States, 1965) Microfilm collection at https://archive.org/details/indian_census. Accessed 15 March 2018. *In-Line Citation example: :::[[#National|US Indian Census, 1885-1940]] Volume/Reel: 475, Page: 5, Line: 3 * [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Space:Indian Census of the United States, 1885-1940|WikiTree Profiles that use this source]] ==Availability== :This is it: https://archive.org/details/indian_census ===How to find what you need=== :Indexing: *A listing of all 692 Volume/Reels in numerical order with descriptions of Agency/Jurisdiction and time period covered can be found at: https://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html *A list of links to this collection, organized by Agency or Tribe, can be found here: https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/free-us-indian-census-rolls.htm :Search: *FamilySearch collection: https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2761958

[[Category:Tribes]] == Who are the Inuit People? == You might not be familiar the term Inuits but you have probably have heard of the Eskimos, these are actually both the same people. In 1977 the Inuit Conference held in Alaska officially changed the name Eskimos to Inuits. Inuits are people that live high up in the arctic regions like Greenland, Arctic North America and Siberia. These are extremely cold areas and are very hard live in, but the Inuits manage to survive these conditions. The weather is so cold that the Inuit people evolved over a long period of time and became smaller and more compact to stay warm. The average height of the an Inuit person is five foot four inches. Their height varies very little, less than two inches. They are a small and hardy race. == Customs / Traditions == The Inuit society centers around the family group. Since the Inuit live where it is cold and life is hard they need many people to work together to survive. The Inuit social life revolved around story telling, poetry and dance. Poems were sung and often accompanied by dancers who moved in imitation of the forces of nature. The people told stories about nature and the things around them. The caribou hunt, flight of birds or battling with the weather were common themes. Their religious beliefs also centered on the things around them. They believe in animism where all objects and living beings have a spirit. The spirits are not good or bad and cannot be controlled by prayer as we know it, but they can be influenced by magical talismans. All people can use the talismans but the best person for the job is a shaman. Inuit people would go to a shaman for help with a hunt, when they were sick or any other survival related problems. Like everything else about Inuit life their religion was strongly effected by their harsh living conditions. == Food == The Inuit rely heavily on hunting because they can’t farm due to the extremely cold environment that they live in. It is much too cold to grow any crops. The average diet for most of the Inuits consisted of mainly fish, seals, whales and other sea mammals. The seal is probably their most important resource because it is there year round and they use almost all parts of the seal. Seals provide them with them dog food, clothing, and materials for making boats, tents, and harpoon lines, and fuel for heat and light. In the summer the Inuits move to follow their food sources and start to hunt for caribou. On rare occasion they would also hunt for polar bear, fox, hare and Arctic birds. Most families would follow the fishing cycle that takes them from one end of there territory to the other. A lot has changed and most of the Inuit buy food from stores now. == Shelter == The Inuit had different types of shelters depending on the season. There are two main types of Inuit homes, walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone with a driftwood or whalebone frame covered with moss or sod. Some of the Inuit tribes in Canada also build Igloos in the winter months. The Inuit people have a unique challenge because they live in the arctic where no trees can grow. They had to use materials that were on hand and the most abundant thing near them is snow. The hunters would cut blocks of packed show into rectangular blocks to build the dome shaped igloo. They would leave a hole in the top so the smoke from their cooking fires could vent out the top. == Inuit Today == Inuit life has changed significantly over the past century. Many Inuit people live in permanent homes and shop in stores the same as we do. Traditional storytelling, mythology, and dancing remain important parts of the culture. Family and community are very important. The Inuktitut language is still spoken in many areas of the Arctic and is common on radio and in television programming. Global warming is having serious effects on the Inuit. The ice is not as big as it once was and the habitat of the native animals like polar bears and seals is being destroyed. The Inuit are becoming more like us every year, they have TV, Sodas, and motorized snowmobiles. I wonder how long they will keep their traditions? == Culture == '''Inuit throat singing''' or katajjaq is a purely Inuit art form. To me it sounds a bit like beat boxing. Watch the video below to see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtzBZGGy2l8 '''Speaking Inuktituk''' - If you want to hear someone learning how to speak Inuktituk, the Inuit language you can watch this: (it sounds pretty hard) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_nCCp6QFEc To learn a few more phrases click on the chart on the right to make it bigger. '''Inuit Song in Inuktituk''' http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwVaUuqV-QE&feature=PlayList&p=43F263E28E9E38E3&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=34 '''Drum Dance''' - You can watch a traditional Western Arctic Inuit drum dance here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW0Q6d8MrqI == Sources == 1. Native Arts.com http://www.aaanativearts.com/article357.html 2. Encarta Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561130/Inuit.html 3. Windows to the Universe http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/inuit_culture.html 4. History for kids http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/northamerica/after1500/history/inuit.htm

Misnamed, please merge into Space:Keweenaw Bay Indian Community

[[Category:Ojibwe]] [[Category:Keweenaw Bay Indian Community]] == Keweenaw Bay Indian Community 'KBIC' == The L'Anse Indian Reservation is the land base of the federally recognized Keweenaw Bay Indian Community of the historic Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians. The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) is a sovereign nation established in 1936 by the United States Government. This area was historically the territory of the L'Anse Band of the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians, a large, decentralized group of loosely associated bands around southern Lake Superior. The Treaty of 1842, by which the Chippewa ceded lands to the federal government, was one of the largest land cession agreements ever made between the U.S. federal government and Indian tribes. It includes provisions and stipulations that the Chippewa retain their rights to fish, hunt and gather on these ceded lands. The L’Anse Reservation is both the oldest and largest reservation in Michigan. It was established under the Chippewa Treaty of 1854. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted this treaty as creating permanent homelands for the Chippewa (Ojibwa Anishnaabeg) band signatories to the treaty. The L’Anse Reservation consists of 54,000 acres (220 km) with approximately 14,000 acres (57 km) owned by the tribal community. Two thirds of the land is held in tribal common ownership and the remaining third is owned by Indians in fee, restricted fee, or allotted lands status. The entire reservation encompasses nearly one third of the area of Baraga County. The Community has its own Constitution and ruling bodies with the seat of its government operating out of the Tribal Center on Beartown Road, Baraga, MI. The KBIC is located in Baraga County and presently is the leading employer in the County. KBIC is governed by a Tribal Council, a duly elected official body, who serve for 3 years. Tribal elections are held annually in the month of December with reorganization taking place the following January. One third of the council is up for election every year. The Tribal Council has established committees to oversee all of the elements of life within the Community.

[[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category: Miwok]] [[Category: Native American Tribes of California]] [[Category: Miwok Tribe Project]] This project is a sub-project of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]] {{Image|file=Miwok.jpg |caption=Bierstadt Albert Mariposa Indian Encampment Yosemite Valley California. }}

'''Miwok
(Mi-Wuk) Tribe'''

The mission of the project is to add and improve profiles of the Miwok (Mi-wuk) Tribe. Project members take primary responsibility for relevant profiles or family groups and work on merging duplicates, cleaning up profiles, adding sources, removing incorrect information and offer research assistance as needed. ==Goals== For each person: #All duplicates merged into lowest number #PPP added only for individuals who are historically significant or are the subject of many merges. #pertaining categories added #templates added #biography cleaned up and written, using the WikiTree Style Guide (can work with Profile Improvement Project for help) #Attached family meets these goals, too #Attached to the main WikiTree family tree (ask the GFR for help) ==Project Scope== The is a sub-project of the [[Project:Native_Americans|Native Americans Project]] . The time frame will cover pre-colonial until the present. ==Participants== Add your name to the list below, along with a note about what you're working on in this project right now. Mags - Working the project from the administrative side of things. I will answer any question asked, even if it's to send you to someone else who knows the right answer. DNA.
[[Elliott-4594|Alex Elliott]] - Project Coordinator. Answering questions and working to add and improve profiles. ==Project Sticker== Sample usage: {{Sticker | category = {{{Miwok|Native Americans}}} | image = American Indian Project Photo Page-26.jpg | text = {{Name}} was a Native American {{#if: {{{tribe|Miwok}}}| and member of the Miwok tribe}}. }} Result:

{{Sticker | category = {{{Miwok|Native Americans}}} | image = American Indian Project Photo Page-26.jpg | text = {{Name}} was a Native American {{#if: {{{tribe|Miwok}}}| and member of the Miwok tribe}}. }}

==Introduction== The Miwok (also spelled Miwuk, Mi-Wuk, or Me-Wuk) are members of four linguistically related Native American groups indigenous to what is now Northern California, who traditionally spoke one of the Miwok languages in the Utian family. The word Miwok means people in their native language The Miwok lived in small bands without centralized political authority before contact with European Americans in 1769. They had domesticated dogs and cultivated tobacco, but were otherwise hunter-gatherers. The predominant theory regarding the settlement of the Americas date the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait land bridge, but one anthropologist claims that the Miwok and some other northern California tribes descend from Siberians who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok ===Subgroups=== Anthropologists commonly divide the Miwok into four geographically and culturally diverse ethnic subgroups. These distinctions were unknown among the Miwok before European contact. # Plains and Sierra Miwok: from the western slope and foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. # Coast Miwok: from present day location of Marin County and southern Sonoma County (includes the Bodega Bay Miwok and Marin Miwok.) # Lake Miwok: from Clear Lake basin of Lake County. # Bay Miwok: from present-day location of Contra Costa County. ===Maps=== {{Image|file=Miwok.png |caption=Miwok Territories }} In 1770, there were an estimated 500 Lake Miwok, 1,500 Coast Miwok, and 9,000 Plains and Sierra Miwok, totaling about 11,000 people, according to historian Alfred L. Kroeber, although this may be a serious undercount; for example, he did not identify the Bay Miwok. The 1910 Census reported only 671 Miwok total, and the 1930 Census, 491. See history of each Miwok group for more information. Today there are about 3,500 Miwok in total. ===Language=== The Miwok or Miwokan languages (/ˈmiːwɒk/; Miwok: [míwːɨːk]), also known as Moquelumnan, are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California in the Sierra Nevada. There are five somewhat diverse Miwok languages, two of which have distinct regional dialects (Sierra Miwok and Coast Miwok). There are a few dozen speakers of the three Sierra Miwok languages, and in 1994 there were two speakers of Lake Miwok. The best attested language is Southern Sierra Miwok, from which we get the name Yosemite. *Yok-Utian *Utian *Miwok ==Lifestyle== {{Image|file=Miwok-1.jpg |caption=Yosemite Miwok Home }} ===Cuisine=== The Sierra Miwok harvested acorns from the California Black Oak. In fact, the modern-day extent of the California Black Oak forests in some areas of Yosemite National Park is partially due to cultivation by Miwok tribes. They burned understory vegetation to reduce the fraction of Ponderosa Pine.[15] Nearly every other kind of edible vegetable matter was used as a food source, including bulbs, seeds, and fungi. Animals were hunted with arrows, clubs or snares, depending on the species and the situation. Grasshoppers were a highly prized food source, as were mussels for those groups adjacent to the Stanislaus River. The Miwok ate meals according to appetite rather than at regular times. They stored food for later consumption, primarily in flat-bottomed baskets. ===Religion=== Miwok mythology and narratives tend to be similar to those of other natives of Northern California. Miwok had totem animals, identified with one of two moieties, which were in turn associated respectively with land and water. These totem animals were not thought of as literal ancestors of humans, but rather as predecessors. ===Sports=== Miwok people played athletic games on a 110-yard playing field called poscoi a we’a. A unique game was played with young men and women. Similarly to soccer, the object was to put an elk hide ball through the goalpost. The girls were allowed to do anything, including kicking the ball and picking it up and running with it. The boys were only allowed to use their feet, but if a girl was holding it he could pick her up and carry her towards his goal. ==WikiTree Project Space Pages== *[[:Space:Native_Americans|Native Americans Free Space Page]] ==Other Space Pages== ==WikiTree Resources== ''Remember a lot of questions can be answered by referring to the help pages link at the top right of pages.'' *[[:Category:Styles_and_Standards|Styles and Standards]] Help with Styles and Standards *[[Project_protecting_and_merging|Project Protecting and merging]] Help on PPP and Merging *[[:Category: GEDCOM Help|Help with Gedcoms]] Gedcom Help and answers *[[Formatting|Formatting]] Help with formatting on a profile ==External Links== * [https://m.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/miwok-tribe.htm Warpaths2peacepipes] * [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Miwok_Indians Miwok Family Genealogy - Family Search] * [http://what-when-how.com/native-americans/miwok-native-americans-of-california/ Miwok (Native Americans of California)] * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/mim/index.htm Miwok Myths Index - Sacred Texts] * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok Miwok - Wikipedia] * [http://factcards.califa.org/cai/miwok.html Miwok - California Indians] * [https://mewuk.com/cultural/history/ History- Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk] * [http://www.bigorrin.org/miwok_kids.htm Facts For Kids] * [https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/miwok-indians.htm Access Genealogy - Miwok] ==Sources==

[[Category: Iroquois Confederacy]] [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category:Mohawk]] ---- This Team is associated with the [[Project:Iroquois|Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Sub-Project]] and the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]]

'''The Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) Team'''

This Team is a part of the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]]. The purpose of the Team is to work on and make accurate the profiles of all individuals who Identify as being a part of one of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, united by Kaianere'ko:wa. == How to Join http://www.wikitree.com/images/badge/native_americans.gif == To see our current members, please see the list below To join the team, first become a member of the project, follow the instructions on the [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]] page. Then check out the To-Do list below to find something to help us work on, and add yourself (or ask one of us to) to that task. == Project Template == For profiles that are project managed / protected: Sample usage: {{Native American|tribe=Mohawk}}
Result:

{{Native American|tribe=Mohawk}} == Project Sticker == For profiles that are native americans: Sample usage: {{Native American Sticker|tribe=Mohawk}}
Result:

{{Native American Sticker|tribe=Mohawk}} ==Resources== Do you know of good resources related to conducting Mohawk genealogy? Please add it here.

[[Category:Native Americans, War of 1812]] [[Project:Creek_Tribe | Creek Tribe Team Page]] ---- [[Space:Native_Americans-1 |Native American Project Free Space Page]] [[Space:United_States_in_the_War_of_1812 |United States in the War of 1812]] [[Space:Creek War, Battles and Forts | Creek War, Battles and Forts]] {{War of 1812|Indian Nation}} [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category: Creek]] [[Category: Muscogee Creek]] '''The Muscogee (Creek) Tribe Team is a team of the [[Project:Native_Americans | Native Americans Project]]''' ==Welcome to the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe Team == {{Image|file=US_Southern_Colonies_Spanish_La_Florida_WEST-8.jpg |caption=Spaniards enter Mobile }} This team is for those working on profiles of individuals or with an historic interest in the Muscogee (Creek) Tribe. The scope of the team is pre-contact to present day. ==Participants== The leaders of this team are [[J-276|Paula Ruehling]] ------ ==Introduction== ===Profiles=== ===Maps=== {{Image|file=US_Southern_Colonies_Spanish_La_Florida_WEST-4.jpg |caption=Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi }} *[http://www.native-languages.org/states.htm Native Languages] - Maps of American Indian Tribes and Reservations *[http://thislandpress.com/roundups/map-of-the-week-native-american-nations/ This Land press] - MAP OF THE WEEK: Native American Nations *[http://www.flutopedia.com/tribemap.htm Flutopedia.com] - Native American Indian Tribal Maps *[http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/native_american_tribes_map.htm Emerson Kent.com] - Map of the United States - Native American Tribes. *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Native_American_tribal_territories Wikimedia Commons] - Maps of Native American tribal territories *[http://500nations.com/500_Tribes.asp 500 Nations] - 500 Nations, Tribes, Bands *[http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/Images/countries/American%20pics/AmericanIndianTribes.jpg Ancient Wisdom] - American Indian Tribes *[http://www.emersonkent.com/tribes_and_peoples/native_americans.htm Emerson Kent] - A collection of Native American maps. ===Language=== The Muscogee language is a member of the Muskogean family. Muskogee, or Creek, is a Muskogean language of the American Southeast, related to other Southeastern languages like Seminole, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Koasati. The language has been in decline, but some young people are working to keep their ancestral language alive. Like other Muskogean languages, Muskogee Creek is a language with morphologically complex verbs and SOV (subject–object–verb) word order.[http://www.native-languages.org/muskogee.htm Native Languages.org] It is spoken by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, and the Seminole Tribe of Florida. [http://www.flamuseum.com/language.html Florida Museum: Creek Language] ===Miscellaneous=== {{Image|file=US_Southern_Colonies_Spanish_La_Florida_WEST-6.jpg |caption=Characteristick head of a Creek War Chief }} ==Resources== *[http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/Pages/History/history.html Muscogee (Creek) Nation ''official website''] *[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/creek-indians Creek Indians ''Georgia Encyclopedia''] *[http://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/ Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes] *[http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc-002619.pdf PDF] - A guide to tracing American Indian and Alaska Native Ancestry *[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ienhtml/tribes.html List of Tribes, Library of Congress] *[http://www.nativeculturelinks.com/indians.html Native Culture] - NATIVE AMERICAN SITES *[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/home.aspx National Museum of the American Indian] - Collections search *[http://www.thewildwest.org/nativeamericans/nativeamericansociety/22-americanindiangenealogy.html The Wild West] - American Indian Genealogy *[http://www.narf.org/nill/resources/roots.htm National Indian Law Library] Tracing your Genealogy National Indian Law Library, Tracing Your Roots *[[Wikipedia:List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state | Wikipedia: List of Federally Recognized Tribes by State]] *[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jackson-submits-indian-treaty-to-congress This Day in History] - Dec 20, 1836 - Jackson submits Indian treaty to Congress *[http://www.bjmjr.net/west/snis_kw.htm Bjmjr.net] - THE WILD WEST OF THE SEMINOLE NEGRO INDIAN SCOUTS - The Killing of Adam Paine, Medal of Honor Winner :'''Trail of Tears''' *[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1433 Encyclopedia of Alabama] - Cherokee Indian Removal *[http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears History.com] - The Trail of Tears *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TR003.html Digital Library Oklahoma,edu] - TRAIL OF TEARS *[http://www.crystalinks.com/trailoftears.html Crystal Links] - The Trail of Tears *[http://www.ushistory.org/us/24f.asp US History] - The Trail of Tears — The Indian Removals *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/296.html Native Voices] - 1838 - Cherokee die on Trail of Tears *[http://www.ualr.edu/sequoyah/uploads/2011/11/Family%20Stories%20from%20the%20Trail%20of%20Tears.htm Sequoyah Research Center] - Family Stories from the Trail of Tears - taken from the Indian-Pioneer History Collection, Grant Foreman, editor :'''Dawes Resources''' Information concerning the Dawes Final Rolls of the [[Space:Union_Indian_Agency#FIve_Civilized_Tribes|Five Civilized Tribes]] may be found on the following WikiTree pages: * [[Space:Dawes_Rolls|Dawes Final Rolls]] page on WikiTree * [[Space:Dawes_Act|Dawes Act]] page on WikiTree * [[Space:Dawes_Census_Card|Dawes Census Card]] page on WikiTree ==Sources==

:''The following was a proposal (or text in support of a proposal) made in the spring of 2020 by former WikiTree member [[D-312|S.D.]], encouraging WikiTree's Native Americans project to change its name. The proposal did not achieve sufficient support; this page is retained for archival purposes.''' ---- '''Note: ''' this style proposal is not meant to include the First Nations naming convention used in Canada. ==Background== Throughout Wikitree's project and category pages is found the naming convention Native American to describe people who are or have ties to the original people who lived in what is now the United States. Native American is used on Wikitree pages to the exclusion of American Indian. This is a problem. While some have a preference for Native American, others do not self-identify as Native American and prefer American Indian. Some self-identify with a strong preference. For example, my grandmother, in the last years of her life, said to me (and this is a direct quote), "All my life I've been called an Indian, and now they are trying to tell me I'm a Native American. I'm an Indian!" Please watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFGzAs2sSFY&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR2jkJFgB54vPC51gffCSrPFL9vBuGZJrAAvbz0plDBdPUaHiW8OzirbysY about our community health organization. Please count how many times Native American is used. Count how many times American Indian is used. Count how many times Indian is used. You will see a community that has a preference for anything other than Native American. ==Proposal== I propose that Wikitree intentionally works for inclusion by using a mix of the names American Indian and Native American, and when the preference of a particular community or individual is known, Wikitree should use that preference. Thank you for your consideration. ==Update 2021== Recently, a Wikitree member wrote to me: :''I understand that some part of the US have people that use the word Indian to describe themselves, but the country, as a whole, mainly for political reasons, I think, '''have tried to stop using that term.''' Even though there may be people that want to still be considered as Indian, there are many people that think it is offensive….'' This statement shows a lack of knowledge of the many preferences in the U.S., and it is simply incorrect. I understand there are many preferences across the U.S., and a year ago, I asked Wikitree to be more inclusive by including more preferences - using both Native American and American Indian. Of course many prefer to be identified by their nation or tribe, but when speaking of the over 500 original nations as a whole, preferences vary. Below, I will attempt to provide examples supporting the use of American Indian (not to the exclusion of the Native American) as a preference. The Wikitree member who wrote to me pointed out this comment: :''your use of the term 'Indian' is offensive. Please stop.'' commented May 18, 2020 by Catherine Trewin But the member did not point out the comments of people who say they use the terms interchangeably. I myself am offended when I see Native American attached to people I know prefer American Indian. Does my offense not count? Catherine Trewin did not respond to this question: :''Catherine Trewin, why does it offend you if I use the term my grandmother preferred to be called? The same term the community used in place of my father's name? The same term used at the pow wows I attend? When I started this discussion I understood and acknowledged that some prefer Native American. I did not suggest we end its use altogether; I suggested we expand our use of terms to include people who have a different preference. Why is this offensive? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFGzAs2sSFY'' The member who wrote to me also did not point out this older exchange: :''Could you explain to me why you find Native American demeaning? I am asking seriously. I feel exactly the opposite and my reasoning is that any name containing "indian" is a misnomer that goes all the way back to Columbus' mistaken identification of the people he found on his voyages as 'indian' because he thought he had sailed all the way around the world. Not trying to argue. Just trying to understand.'' commented Nov 21, 2014 by Brian Wagnon G2G6 :''Brian, In answer to your question.. NOTE: This is just MY OPINION and FEELINGS...'' :'' The term Native American was coined during the civil rights movement and was just a label placed on our American Indians to make it politically correct.. just like African American. They didn't ask the tribes what they wanted to be called - just decided this was politically correct. As such it's demeaning. It strips away the dignity and respect of the American Indian and is designed to make "us" feel better.'' :'' In addition, a Native American is anyone born inside the American borders -- including Central Americans and South Americans.. This is demeaning to our American Indians -- it's like saying they are nothing special.'' :'' These proud people have been called American Indians for hundreds of years - they fought, died and lived as American Indians. They entered into treaties - which were violated as American Indians. Regardless of the fact that Columbus named them Indians because he thought in was in India -- this is the label they have been referred to for years. You can't just erase history.'' :'' When a person refers to someone as an American Indian - you know exactly who they are referring to; a mental image of a proud man standing beside or sitting on his horse in full Indian dress. You can picture the feathers in the chiefs headband and know that he is leading braves that are willing to fight and die for their way of life, family and land. This is an American Indian.'' :'' The younger American Indians have grown up being referred to as Native Americans and have been taught they should feel ashamed of their heritage and thus prefer to use the term Native American. Now the older ancestors - they prefered the label they fought, died and won freedom as: An American Indian.'' :'' I could go on -- but this should provide you the answer. American Indians were persecuted, enslaved, abused, violated and yet fought on -- they won their freedom as American Indians - not as Native Americans. When you use the term American Indian - it puts the country first -- the only people to have their country first. '' :'' This to me is why Native American is demeaning - it strips away the dignity, reduces the atrocities commit[t]ed and just serves to make those that did these things feel better.'' :'' In my opinion, American Indians are a Great Pround People and should be given the respect and dignity of being called the term they fought and died as -- regardless of how it makes the rest of us feel.'' :''Terri'' commented Nov 21, 2014 by Terri Rick G2G6 Mach 3 When I studied journalism in the 1980s I was taught that the term Native American was a form of acculturation (which is what Terri Rick described above). Journalists were then encouraged to return to American Indian. But I understand the term Native American had already taken hold in many communities. Today, the AP Stylebook is clear that both terms are acceptable, and I know a great many journalists will switch up the words using both in their reporting. See: https://www.apstylebook.com/race-related-coverage :''American Indians, Native Americans Both are acceptable terms in general references for those in the U.S. when referring to two or more people of different tribal affiliations. For individuals, use the name of the tribe; if that information is not immediately available, try to obtain it. He is a Navajo commissioner. She is a member of the Nisqually Indian Tribe. He is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma...'' See: https://www.apstylebook.com/race-related-coverage Here is an example of a community who never adopted the term Native American. Count how many times the term Native American is used in this video which was posted in Feb of 2020: https://youtu.be/oFGzAs2sSFY The Smithsonian decided on the name National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/ I understand there are some who do not like the name. Here are some thoughtful ideas on the subject by six prominent people across the U.S.: https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/blackhorse-do-you-prefer-native-american-or-american-indian-6-prominent-voices-respond And yes - the publication is called Indian Country Today. (This article is highly recommended.) Here are thoughts on the term Indian County by the The National Congress of American Indians: https://www.ncai.org/news/articles/2019/12/27/ncai-response-to-usage-of-the-term-indian-country When Donald Trump was criticised for his use of the term Indian Country in a tweet. Some Indians came to his defense with tweets of their own: :''Sergio, "Indian Country" is an inclusive term used by Native Americans to describe themselves and their sovereign nations, especially in the western US. A popular newspaper in Rapid City, SD is called Indian Country Today.'' — LittleLute (@Ptcabe) December 27, 2019 :''I'm not giving Trump a pass, but "Indian Country" is a thing and yes, some natives call themselves "Indian." It's all about how we choose to label ourselves.'' — PRINCE CAYDEN🠹 (@babyvolk) December 27, 2019 :''The only reason why people are offended on behalf of Natives for Trump's use of "Indian Country" is because they themselves don't understand indigenous issues or how indigenous people choose to identify.'' — PRINCE CAYDEN🠹 (@babyvolk) December 27, 2019 :''Yes, seriously. #IndianCountry refers to any self-governing community of American Indians. I am Cherokee Indian. I work in Indian Country. What is offensive to you about the term Indian Country? Are you Indian or are you just being pejorative for pejorative's sake?'' — JtheGreat (@jeremyhowelldha) December 27, 2019 Here's a Facebook post from the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe on1 May 2021: :''The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe celebrates the Month of May as '''American Indian Month''' as proclaimed by Governor Tim Walz in 2020. Throughout the month, we will provide a variety of educational and historical information that we hope will be insightful and fun in an effort for all Band members and our neighbors alike.'' :''To begin, it is important to understand that we are the non-removable Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe – a sovereign, self-governing, federally recognized '''American Indian tribal government'''. Our people have lived for generations on the Mille Lacs Reservation and on tribal lands throughout East Central Minnesota, from Mille Lacs Lake east to the St. Croix River and north to Rice Lake and Sandy Lake.'' :''“We have a rich history and culture, and our relationship with the United States as a sovereign nation dates back to a time before Minnesota became a state. In fact, '''American Indian nations''' have been recognized as sovereigns since before the formation of the United States.” ~ Chief Executive Melanie Benjamin.'' I hope with the above examples, I have helped in creating more understanding regarding the use of the identifiers American Indian and Indian.

[[Category:Chickasaw]] [[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category: Native American Tribes of Mississippi]] [[Category: Native American Tribes of Louisiana]] [[Category: Natchez]] {{Image|file=Natchez_Tribe.jpg |caption=Le transport du grand soleil }} ''' Five Civilized Tribes''' ==Natchez History Timeline== {{blue|Space Page written by Allan Harl Thomas}} :'''1542''': The Hernando De Soto expedition encounters the Quigualtam, famed for the Winterville Mounds, believed to be the ancestors of the Natchez. Fierce fighting drove the Europeans away but they brought diseases such as smallpox and measles to the people :'''1650''': The Natchez population was about 5,000 to 4,500 in 1650 and 300 in 1731. :'''1682''': Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle makes the first recorded contact with the Natchez Native Indians :'''1713''': The French establish a colony and trading posts on Natchez land :'''1716''': Fort Rosalie was established by the French 1716 and was held successively by France, Great Britain, Spain, and the United States :'''1716''': First Natchez War. Further conflicts erupt with the French in 1722 and 1729 :'''1718''': European colonists negotiated land deals for large plantations :'''1729''': Natchez Revolt (1729 - 1731) The French force 400 Natchez to surrender :'''1729''': The French kill some of the Natchez captives and send others to Santo Domingo as slaves :'''1729''': Their social system collapsed and Natchez survivors joined the Creek, Catawba, Cherokee, Chickasaw and Seminole tribes :'''1730''': The French and the Choctaw joined forces against the Natchez :'''1733''': The French captured the Great Sun, several of the War Chiefs and over four hundred of the Natchez tribe, who were sent from New Orleans to St. Domingo as slaves :'''1735''': Some Natchez refugees settled with the Chickasaws and Creeks, others fled to Tallahassee Creek, an affluent of Coosa River in South Carolina :'''1755''': The Waccamaw tribe waged war with Cherokee and Natchez :'''1830''': The Indian Removal Act of 1830 :'''1831''': The Choctaw is the first of the tribes to march 1000 miles to Oklahoma on the 'Trail of Tears' :'''1832''': The Natchez tribe, with other tribes of the Five Civilised Tribes, are forcibly located to Indian Territory. :'''1837''': The Chickasaw were removed :'''1838''': The Cherokee were removed :'''1887''': The Dawes Act :'''1893''', President Grover Cleveland appoints Senator Henry L. Dawes, to negotiate land with the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole tribes :'''1893''': The Dawes Rolls, or the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes, entitled an allotment of land to tribe members, in return for abolishing their governments and recognizing Federal laws :'''1934''': The individual allotment policy of the Dawes Act was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Acthttp://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/natchez-tribe.htm ==Origins== The ancestors of the Natchez are thought to once have inhabited the southwestern portion of the ancient Mexican empire, but began to move northeast and finally settled upon the banks of the Mississippi circa A.D. 700. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CPhCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq#v=onepage&q&f=falseThe History of the American Indian]The people retained many of the religious beliefs, ritual and customs of the Mesoamericans. The Quigualtam, mentioned by De Sota, are considered to be the ancestors of the Natchez.WARRIOR BOATMEN. (2007). WARRIOR BOATMEN. In The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735 (pp. 3–20). University Press of Mississippi. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2tvkvr.6 Around 1250 A.D. Emerald Mound was constructed north of present day Natchez , Mississippi, other similar mounds were built. ==Culture== The Natchez were a matrilineal society with descent recognized along female lines. Their religion centered around a temple and shaven head priests, similar to the temples of Mexico and South America. They had four social classes: the Suns, the Nobles, the Honored Men and Honored Women and the lower class (known as the Stinkards). The people were sun worshippers and the Natchez chiefs were called the 'Suns'. The people were ruled by the Great Sun regarding all civil matters and his brother, Tattooed Serpent, in matters of war. The Great Sun and the Tattooed Serpent lived at the Grand Village. Lesser Suns from the royal family ruled other Natchez villages. In the Historical Journal of Father Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix (1682-1761). he relates the [https://books.google.com/books?id=CPhCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Natchez Mode of Burial] ==Disbursement== In the early colonial days, the French and Natchez co-existed relatively peacefully, with just a few skirmishes. But in 1729 the Indians launched a major campaign to eliminate the colony and killed more than 200 settlers. The French retaliated, and within a couple of years killed or captured most of the Indians Fifty men and four hundred fifty women were taken to New Orleans in 1731 and sold as slaves in the Santo Domingo,West Indies. Those who managed to escape joined other tribes.https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073559761#page/n559/mode/1up/search/Natchez The last remnants of this great tribe sought asylum among the Chickasaw and were scattered through several villages known as Shawano, Ooeasah, Abikudshi, and others joined the Ouchita to the west. The Natchez group with the Cherokees eventually formed its own village, called Notchee Town, Collleton County, South Carolina.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zAG-0afCSpIC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=Notchee+Town&source=bl&ots=mYIZRq4GdX&sig=b0hDeCJ2OcpVhaA80bOwvilDvTY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN3fqowN_MAhVE9x4KHWyQD4cQ6AEILzAD#v=onepage&q=Notchee%20Town&f=false Mississippi's American Indians, By James F. Barnett, page 136][https://books.google.com/books?id=CWw4zPJVjIYC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Notchee+Town&source=bl&ots=ixxyXPlrIY&sig=APhaJbs7LQ-KuCoD27bwne4G2tM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN3fqowN_MAhVE9x4KHWyQD4cQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=Notchee%20Town&f=false Maroon Communities in South Carolina: A Documentary Record, By Timothy James Lockley] For a [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073559761#page/n541/mode/2up complete accounting of this debacle] see ''History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians'' by Cushman, H. B. (Horatio Bardwell), b. 1822. page 541[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073559761#page/n541/mode/2up ''History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians''] by Cushman, H. B. (Horatio Bardwell), b. 1822. page 541 ==Notable Natchez== '''Chinnabbee''' was a Natchez leader who brought his people to Talladega in 1756 to live sheltered among the Creeks. Chinnabbee's sister was Nancy Grey. She married Joseph Stiggins an Englishman; their daughter [[Stiggins-1 |Mary]] married[[Weatherford-300 | William Weatherford]]. Chinnabbee was the father of Selocta, the translator for General Andrew Jackson at Ft. Jackson treaty signing. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Scypion '''Marguerite Scypion'''], also known in court files as Marguerite (free woman of color), (c.1770s—after 1836) was an African-Natchez woman, born into slavery in St. Louis, then located in French Upper Louisiana. Her mother Marie Jean Scypion had been held illegally as a slave after 1769, because, after the Spanish started ruling the area, the colonial governor abolished Indian slavery in the Louisiana Territory. She was held first by Joseph Tayon and later by Jean Pierre Chouteau, Louisiana's first American Indian agent and one of the most powerful men in the city. Marguerite filed the first "freedom suit" in the city's circuit court in 1805. In November 1836 Marguerite, her children; her sister and other descendants of Marie Jean Scypion, her mother, finally won their case as free people of color. The unanimous jury decision in their favor was based on their maternal descent from a Natchez woman, and decided in Jefferson County. The decision withstood appeals to the state and the United States Supreme Court in 1838. The case was considered to end Indian slavery in Missouri. Marguerite, a free woman of color v. Chouteau, Pierre, Sr., Jul 1825, St. Louis Circuit Court Records, Missouri Historical Society (St. Louis, MO) '''Creek Sam, Natchez Sun Chief'''; assisted in creating the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Keetoowah_Society Keetoowah Society] under a constitution; raised and trained [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbird_Smith Redbird Smith] in the traditional ways Redbird’s parents were Pig and Lizzie (Hilderbrand) Smith. Lizzie was Natchez. Creek Sam passed away in Notchietown, Oklahoma. His son was White Tobacco and succeeded Sam as the Natchez Sun Chief;https://www.scribd.com/doc/240171068/Natchez-Great-Sun-Descendancy-Chart ==Natchez Today== Today, most Natchez families and communities are found in Oklahoma, in two primary settlements within the southern halves of the Muscogee and Cherokee Nations. Two Natchez communities are also recognized by the state of South Carolina. Small Natchez communities and settlements are found in and throughout the Southeast. The nation developed a constitution in 2003, which confirms its long-held traditions of self-government. Approximately 6,000 Natchez are members of the nation. The last speaker of the language died in 1965. ==Links== *[http://www.natcheznation.com/ Official Natchez Page] *[http://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-natchez.html LEGENDS OF AMERICA:The Natchez - A Sociably Advanced People] *[http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ms-moundbuilders3.html#Grand Village of the Natchez Indians LEGENDS OF AMERICA:Grand Village of the Natchez Indians] *[http://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/natchez-tribe.htm Natchez Tribe == Sources ==

[[Category:Alaska]] [[Category: Alaska Projects]] [[Category: Native Alaskans]][[Category: Alaska Native Tribal Entities]][[Category: Tribes]][[Category: Native American History]] [[Category: Alaska Native Corporations]] {{Image|file=Alaska-1.gif |align=c |size=l }} == Alaska First Early Inhabitants Timeline== {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''35,000 - 10,000 years ago - The Glacial Period -''' During the last Ice Age, Alaska was covered by glacial ice. What is now the Bering Sea, separating Siberia from Alaska, was a wide and ice-free plain across which ancestral American Indians moved to North America, and then down the Pacific coast to the areas south of the ice sheets. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''15,000 - 10,000 years ago -''' Shortly after the glaciers melted, the land looked very much as it does today, with caribou and muskoxen grazing the tundra, and walrus, seals, and whales - including bowhead whales - feeding in the channels between the Arctic islands. Indian hunters followed the migrating caribou northwards across the barren grounds, much as the Dene did in more recent times, but never reached the Arctic coast or islands. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''10,000 - 5,000 years ago -''' North American Indians move northward to tree line with retreat of glaciers. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''5,000 - 4,000 years ago -''' Tuniit (Dorset Culture people) cross Bering Strait and move eastward. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''3,000 - 2,000 years ago -''' South Bering Sea and North Pacific people became North Alaska Inuit. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''5,000 - 1,000 years ago -The Tuniit, or Dorset Culture''' The first people to arrive were the Tuniit. The earliest Tuniit brought with them two items of technology which allowed them to quickly occupy arctic North America: the bow and arrow, which may have reached America for the first time in their hands, {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }}and finely tailored skin clothing similar to that still used by the Inuit and northern Siberian peoples. Until about 1,000 years ago, the Tuniit (or as archeologists call them, the Dorset Culture people) were the sole occupants of most of arctic Canada. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''1,000 years ago -''' Thule (North Alaska Inuit) move eastward, displacing Tuniit . {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }}'''1,000 - 500 years ago - Thule Culture''' Inuit groups learned to hunt bowhead whales, the largest animals in the arctic seas. Large communities were established on points of land along the northern coast of Alaska, where whales could be easily hunted as they migrated through narrow leads in the spring ice. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} Then, about 1,000 years ago, some of these North Alaska Inuit spread rapidly eastwards across arctic Canada and Greenland, quickly displacing the previous Tuniit occupants of the region and establishing the first Inuit occupation of Nunavut. {{Image|file=Images_Mining_Disasters-12.png |align=l |size=s }} '''500 years ago - Inuit and the Little Ice Age''' Inuit culture in many parts of Nunavut underwent a significant change. Most regions of the High Arctic were abandoned, and many groups throughout the central portions of Nunavut gave up whaling and began to concentrate on hunting smaller sea mammals, caribou and fish. ==Early History of Native Americans in Alaska== '''The Indigenous People of Alaska''' The names of the Alaska tribes included the '''Chinook, Tillamook, Eyak, Salish''' and the '''Tlingit'''. The Native Indians of Alaska were divided into several groups. The '''Tlingit, Haida''' and '''Tsimshian''' (coastal Indians) consisted of several Indian tribes and are also known as ''First Nations''. The '''Aleut''' lived in the Aleutian Islands off the coast of mainland Alaska. The native '''Athabascan''' Indians inhabited the interior of the state. There were two groups of ''Eskimos'', the '''Inupiat''' (Northern Eskimos) and the '''Yupik''' (Southern Eskimos). The first native inhabitants of the area now known as Alaska probably migrated from Siberia, part of what is now Russia, at the end of the last ice age ten to twelve thousand years ago. Although experts are unsure whether they traveled a land bridge or by boat, archeologists have found signs of different native groups dating back thousands of years in Alaska. The '''Athabascan''' nations traveled throughout the vast inland in areas, surviving the difficult interior winters from the Brooks Range mountains east to the Yukon and south to the Kenai Peninsula. The Athabascans were made up of at least eleven subgroups, speaking different languages. The Athabascans were nomadic, traveling long distances in harsh conditions to hunt herds of caribou and moose, fish the rivers for plentiful salmon, and take advantage of Alaska's seasonal berries and plants. Further north, the '''Inupiaks''' and '''Yupiks''' of St. Lawrence Island lived along the northern coast, hunting for seals and whales and surviving arctic winters on the frozen tundra. They also hunted polar bear and migrating caribou. {{Image|file=Alaska_49th_State-3.jpg |align=l |size=m }} To the south along the coast lived the '''Yup'iks''', and '''Cup'iks''' settled along the more western coastal areas north of the Aleutian islands. These people developed the uluaq (ulu) knife, a unique curve-bladed knife used to skin fish and game as well as chop and slice just about anything. Early examples of early stone bladed knives date back centuries. Many of these native groups survive today, forming 16% of Alaska's population and contributing their cultural heritage throughout Alaska. The European exploration of Alaska began with the 1741 voyages of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikoff to the Aleutian Islands, the coasts of the Gulf of Alaska, and southeastern Alaska. Bering died from scurvy later that winter on an island named after him, Bering Island. Around this time the British, Spanish, and French were exploring the coast of Alaska. The unregulated exploitation of the fur resources by rival companies led to a depletion of accessible fur areas and the killing and enslavement of the peaceful Aleut natives. Consequently, this led to the chartering of the Russian American Company in 1799. Under its first manager, Alexander Baranov, which was a period of about 20 years, there was an order and systematic exploitation of the fur resources. The indigenous peoples of Alaska, known as Alaska Natives, have varied cultures and have adapted to harsh environments for thousands of years. They are as far north as Barrow and as far south as Ketchikan. Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska: '''Iñupiat, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian''', and a number of Northern '''Athabaskan''' cultures. Ancestors of Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, in at least two different waves. Some are descendants of a third wave of migration in which people settled across the northern part of North America. They never migrated to southern areas. For this reason, genetic studies show they are not closely related to Native Americans in South America. Throughout the Arctic and northern areas, they established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. Alaska Natives developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment, and cultures rooted in the place. Historic groups have been defined by their languages, which belong to several major language families. alaska_natives '''Alaska Natives History before Statehood:''' In the early spring of 1942, when the Army Corps of Engineers arrived to begin building the Alaska Highway, Alaska’s population was approximately 73,000. About half of those residents were Native Alaskans, members of indigenous groups who inhabited Alaska before it was colonized by Russia. '''First Nations:''' A third group of Native Alaskans consisted of several Indian tribes (also known as First Nations). Two of the larger groups were the Tlingit and Haida, who resided in the southeastern inland region of Alaska. While these groups were adept at fishing, they were also known for their mountaineering skills. They were famed for their totem poles and their potlatches, gatherings of friends and family to celebrate important milestones in an individual’s life, such as a first hunt or a funeral. Both of these tribes were seasonally mobile hunter gatherers with their own distinguishing features, most prominently linguistic ones. '''Illnesses:''' The influx of civilians and military personnel into Alaska had a devastating effect on the Native Alaskans, who had already suffered a negative impact. In the century of Russian and American colonization prior to World War II, contact with outsiders had subjected Native Alaskans to diseases for which they lacked immunity, including meningitis, influenza, chicken pox and whooping cough. '''Incursions:''' With the newcomers’ arrival, Native Alaskans’ whole way of living became endangered. Highway-building made travel and access much easier within Alaska. During their recreation time, the Army engineers would go fishing, or go hunting with their military-issued guns, for which they otherwise had little use. Along the narrow corridor of the highway, the outsiders depleted the natural resources on which the Native Alaskans depended for subsistence. Nathan Jackson '''Dwindling Minority:''' As a result of disease, cultural confusion and the growing number of whites, the percentage of Native Alaskans in the general Alaskan population plummeted from 45 percent in 1940 to 26 percent in 1950 to 19 percent at the time of statehood in 1959. The highway construction led to a new era for the original Alaskans. '''A World Ended:''' Historian Ken Coates described the effect of the Alaska Highway on the area’s native population: “Construction projects transformed aboriginal life in the northwest very quickly and very profoundly. There was only occasional work to be found, they didn’t hire very many aboriginal people to work. The women got involved selling handicrafts and doing some domestic work… There were a lot of attacks on aboriginal people, some rapes of native women, for example. A lot of misuse of alcohol with aboriginal people. So, a world had ended. A lifestyle that had been in place in many ways for centuries, but certainly since the arrival of the fur traders in the middle of the 19th century. It’s a hundred years of fishing, and trapping, and sort of casual engagement with the market economy, poof, gone. Overnight.” '''Subsistence:''' Gathering of subsistence foodstuffs continues to be an important economic and cultural activity for many Alaska Natives. In Barrow, Alaska in 2005, more than 91 percent of the Iñupiat households which were interviewed still participated in the local subsistence economy, compared with the approximately 33 percent of non-Iñupiat households who used wild resources obtained from hunting, fishing, or gathering. But, unlike many tribes in the contiguous United States, Alaska Natives do not have treaties with the United States that protect their subsistence rights, except for the right to harvest whales and other marine mammals. The Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act explicitly extinguished aboriginal hunting and fishing rights in the state of Alaska. '''Revitalization:''' Today, Alaska Natives account for just over 15 percent of the total Alaskan population of approximately 648,000 people. Since the 1960s and 1970s, aboriginal autonomy has rebounded in Alaska. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 officially ended native land ownership claims while creating regional corporations that administered approximately one-ninth of Alaskan territory; the shareholders of the corporations are the native peoples. The legal battles for rights to their ancestral land began a revitalization of native society that is evident today. ==Alaska Natives== ===First People Tribes=== {{Image|file=Alaska_49th_State-4.jpg |align=l |size=l }} ====Aleuts==== The Aleuts, who are usually known in the Aleut language by the endonyms Unangan, Unangas, Унаңан, are the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands. Both the Aleut and the islands are divided between the US state of Alaska and the Russian administrative division of Kamchatka Kra off the coast of mainland Alaska and St. Paul Island, Alaska. Some anthropologists believe their ancestors migrated to the Aleutians 7,000 years ago. Aleuts had both permanent and seasonal homes. Permanent Aleutian villages consisted of underground homes mainly located on the northern coasts of the islands that faced the Bering Sea, due to the abundance of resources on that side. Aleutian culture is based heavily on the sea. They are famous fishers and hunters, and are known for their basketry. ====Inuit==== The Aleuts lived on ice-free waters, but the Inuit (who are also known as the Eskimo) were surrounded by the icy northern seas of Western Alaska. As a result, the Inuit were more mobile that the Aleuts. One distinguishing feature of the Inuit Eskimo, family, in Alaska was their near total dependence on the sea. Their food, clothing, furnishing for their homes, and fuel all came from the marine life that they hunted, such as whales and seals. Their homeland stretches from the northeastern tip of Russia across Alaska and northern Canada to parts of Greenland. Inuit refers to the people formerly called Eskimos. The term Eskimo comes from a Native American word that may have meant ‘eater of raw meat’. They prefer the name Inuit, which means ‘the people’ or ‘real people’ and comes from a language called Inuit-Inupiaq. As the Inuit spread eastward, they modified their way of life to suit the Arctic environments they encountered. They caught fish and hunted seals, walruses and whales. On land, they hunted caribou, musk oxen, polar bear and other small animals. They used animal skins to make tents and clothes. They crafted tools and weapons from the animals’ bones, antlers, horns and teeth. In summer, they traveled in boats covered with animal skin, called kayaks and in winter, on sleds pulled by dogteams. Most Inuit lived in tents in the summer and in large sod houses during the winter. When traveling in search of game in winter, they built snowhouses (igloos). ====Inupiat==== The Inupiat have inhabited the harsh arctic environment for more than 10,000 years. The ancestral Inupiat crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia. Some of the early migrants continued their journeys to the east and south. Those who remained in the region gradually established camps, small villages and trading routes. They are skilled hunters and gatherers an subsist on whale, fish, caribou and moose. Their diet is supplemented with berry and root plants native to the region. ====Aleuts==== The Aleuts are the native inhabitants of the present Aleutian islands stretching for about a thousand miles southwestward from the Alaskan mainland. Primarily a sea-going people, the Aleuts were adept at harvesting resources of the sea (sea lion, seals, whales, and fish) in their skin-covered boats as well as those of the land (birds, eggs, and plants). ====Yup’ik==== The Yup’ik people live mainly in the coastal watersheds of the Yukon and the Kuskokwim Rivers both of which flow westward through Southwest Alaska and drain into the Bering Sea. ====Athapaskans (Athabascans)==== Having continuously inhabited the land for several thousand years, Athapaskan society exemplifies how humans can maintain a sustainable coexistence with their environment. Subsisting on the rich natural resources provided by the northern boreal forest, they have developed a deep respect for both the land and its animals. ====Tlingit==== {{Image|file=Alaska_49th_State-5.jpg |align=l |size=m }} The origin of the Tlingit people is not certain. It is possible the people came from the coast of Asia and Japan migrating north and east across the Aleutians and Gulf of Alaska into Southeast Alaska. Art forms and physical features of the Tlingit are similar to some Pacific groups. Southeast Alaska provided an idyllic setting for the villages and contained abundant local resources. The forests supplied shelter, game and wild berries while the ocean was a storehouse of fish and sea mammals. In contrast to the Arctic peoples of Alaska, the Tlingits spent relatively little time surviving and were able to become traders and craftsmen. A recent DNA study concludes that the original ancestors are and came to the area for 10,300 years. [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4380460/Tlingit-Alaskans-descend-settlers-10-000-years-ago.html Tlingit Alaskans Descend Settlers 10,000 years ago]. ====Haida==== The original homeland of the Haida people is the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia, Canada. Prior to contact with Europeans, a group migrated north to the Prince of Wales Island area within Alaska. This group is known as the “Kaigani” or Alaska Haidas. Today, the Kaigani Haida live mainly in two villages, Kasaan and the consolidated village of Hydaburg. Before the Haida came in contact with Europeans, most Haida wore clothes made of woven red or yellow cedar bark. Women wore skirts and capes and men wore long capes. The Haida’s main food sources were the salmon and eulachon fish. The eulachon was highly prized because, besides being good to eat, its oil could be used for lighting lamps. ===Alaskan Native Tribal Entities=== There are 229 Federally Recognized '''Alaskan Native Tribal Entities'''. They are often defined by their language groups. These entities in turn belong to 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations, who administer land and financial claims; 12 of which are located in the State of Alaska. The 13th Regional Native Corporation was headquartered in Seattle, Washington, governing over Alaska Natives living in the "lower 48". This regional corporation received monetary contributions only, no land as the other 12 in Alaska. As of 2018, this 13th corporation had been dissolved. Ancestors of the Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, in at least two different waves. Some are descendants of a third wave of migration in which people settled across the northern part of North America. They never migrated to southern areas. For this reason, genetic studies show they are not closely related to Native Americans in South America. Throughout the Arctic and northern areas, they established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. {{Image|file=Alaska-11.jpg |align=l |size=400 |caption=Traditional qamutik (sled), Cape Dorset }} They developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment, and cultures rooted in the place. Historic groups have been defined by their languages, which belong to several major language families. ==Alaska Native Regional Corporations== {{Image|file=Alaska.jpg |align=r |size=l }} Now the natives are grouped into Associations, Regional and Village Corporations. The '''Alaska Native Regional Corporations (Alaska Native Corporations or ANCSA Corporations''') were established in 1971 when the United States Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) which settled land and financial claims made by the Alaska Natives and provided for the establishment of 13 regional corporations to administer those claims. Under ANCSA the state was originally divided into twelve regions, each represented by a "Native association" responsible for the enrollment of past and present residents of the region. Individual Alaska Natives enrolled in these associations, and their village level equivalents, were made shareholder in the Regional and Village Corporations created by the Act. The twelve for-profit regional corporations, and a thirteenth region representing those Alaska Natives who were no longer residents of Alaska in 1971, were awarded the monetary and property compensation created by ANCSA. Village corporations and their shareholders received compensation through the regional corporations. The fact that many ostensibly Alaska Native villages throughout the state were not empowered by the ANCSA to form village corporations later led to a number of lawsuits.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native_corporation Wikipedia] ''Alaska Native Corporations''

ANCSA By Location & Borough

{| border="1" align="center" class="sortable " style="font-style:; font-size:100%; border: 3px Solid Blue;" !No. !Native Corporation !Geographical Locations of Villages !Alaska Borough |- !8 |Aleut Corporation |Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands and that part of the Alaska Peninsula which is in the Aleut Corporation |Aleutians East Borough; Unorganized Borough |- !1 |Arctic Slope Native Association |Barrow, Point Hope, Point Lay, Wainwright, Atqasuk, Nuiqsut, Kaktovik, Anaktuvuk Pass |North Slope Borough |- !4 |Association of Village Council Presidents |southwest coast, all villages in the Bethel area, including all villages on the Lower Yukon River and the Lower Kuskokwim River |Unorganized Borough |- !2 |Bering Straits Association |Seward Peninsula, Unalakleet, Saint Lawrence Island |Unorganized Borough |- !7 |Bristol Bay Native Association |Dillingham, Upper Alaska Peninsula |Dillingham Borough |- !9 |Chugach Native Association |Cordova, Tatitlek, Port Graham, English Bay, Valdez, and Seward |Unorganized Borough |- !6 |Cook Inlet Association |Kenai, Tyonek, Eklutna, Iliamna |Kenai Peninsula Borough, |- !12 |Copper River Native Association |Copper Center, Glennallen, Chitina, Mentasta |Unorganized Borough |- !11 |Kodiak Area Native Association |all villages on and around Kodiak Island |Kodiak Island Borough |- !3 | Northwest Alaska Native Association |Kotzebue |Northwest Arctic Borough |- !5 | Tanana Chiefs' Conference |Koyukuk, Middle and Upper Yukon Rivers, Upper Kuskokwim, Tanana River |Unorganized Borough |- !10 | Tlingit-Haida Central Council |southeastern Alaska, including Metlakatla |Unorganized Borough |- !13 |The 13th Regional Corporation |Non-resident Alaska Native |Not Applicable |} '''For more information on the Alaska Boroughs please see the [[Space:Alaska_Government_Organization|Alaska Government Organization Page]]''' ==Aleut Corporation== The Aleut Corporation was established in 1972 under ANCSA. The corporation received a settlement of $19.5 million, and was entitled to 70,789 acres of surface lands and 1.572 million acres of subsurface estate. Voting shares of stock were issued to 3,249 shareholders. Most of the Aleut Corporation’s ANCSA selections are on the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian, Shumagin, and Pribilof Islands, situated between Port Moller and the Alaska Peninsula and the western tip of Atka Island. The corporation owns the village site of Attu as well as numerous historical and cemetery sites between Atka and the Alaska Peninsula. The Aleut Corporation currently manages and sells sand, gravel, minerals and rock aggregates as part of its subsurface rights within the region. The Corporation’s primary areas of business are real estate, government operations and maintenance contracting, aggregate sales, and investments in oil and gas producing properties and marketable securities. People of the Aleutian Islands Aleut. Aleut Branch of the Eskimo people who occupy the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. They are divided into two major language groups, the Unalaska and Atka. About 4000 Aleuts live in scattered villages throughout Southwest Alaska. Aleut (in their own language they refer to themselves as Unangan) The area stretching from Prince William Sound west along the Gulf of Alaska to the Aleutian Islands is home to the Aleut and Alutiiq peoples. The natural marine environment defines subsistence lifestyles and cultures that date back more than 8,000 years ago. The Aleuts and the Alutiiq differ in language and culture but a commonality was created from the first contact with the Russians in the 18th century that is evident today. The Alutiiq language, called Sugcestun or Alutiiq, is one of the Yupik branches of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. The Alutiiq are known for their skill in building and handling kayaks or baidarka, as the Russians called it. The Aleut, also known as Unangan, are known for being expert boat builders and sailors and well known for their kayaks. The Aleut language, Unangax, also derives from the Esk-Aleut family. ---- Ahtna, Incorporated is one of 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations established by Congress under terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971. '''Athabaskan Native culture'''; Ahtna, Inc., owns in fee title, approximately 1,528,000 acres in the Copper River Basin in east-central Alaska, conveyed in December 1998 from an entitlement of 1,770,000 acres. Seven villages within the Ahtna Region are merged with Ahtna, Inc., and all are Federally Recognized Tribes. Ahtna Inc. has approximately 1200 shareholders, of which the majority reside in the Copper River Region. ---- Arctic Slope Regional Corporation is the largest locally owned and operated business in Alaska, with approximately 10,000 employees on its payroll, including more than 3,000 Alaskans. Revenues exceeded $2.5 billion in 2011, up from $2.3 billion in 2010. ASRC is owned by 11,000 Iñupiat Eskimo shareholders who live primarily in eight villages on Alaska’s North Slope, above the Arctic Circle. This is one of the most isolated and challenging environments in the United States. In 1990, the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation became the first of only four Alaska Native corporations to enroll shareholders born after 1971. Today, nearly 70 percent of ASRC shareholders were born after 1971. Seventy-five percent of ASRC’s senior executives are Iñupiat, including the company’s president and chief executive officer. Read more at: https://www.alaskan-natives.com/75/arctic-slope-native-association/ ---- Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC) was formed in 1972 as the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act regional Alaska Native Corporation for the Bering Strait region, which encompasses the majority of Alaska’s Seward Peninsula and the coastal lands of eastern Norton Sound. This region is perhaps the most culturally diverse area in the state with three Native languages spoken: Siberian Yupik, Central Yup’ik, and Inupiaq. BSNC began with 6,333 original shareholders and owns and manages nearly two million acres of subsurface land selected by 17 village corporations. ---- Calista Corporation is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in settlement of aboriginal land claims. Calista was incorporated in Alaska on June 12, 1972. The Calista Region covers Alaska’s Bethel and Kusilvak census areas and includes 48 permanent communities and eight seasonally occupied villages, located along the banks of the lower Yukon and the middle and lower Kuskokwim Rivers, Nunivak Island, and the Bering Sea coast from the mouth of the Yukon River, south to Cape Newenham. Although the Calista region is in western Alaska, Calista Corporation is headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. Calista is a for-profit corporation with 17,300 Alaska Native shareholders primarily of Yup’ik descent. The name Calista (worker) is a combination of the Central Alaskan Yup’ik words cali, meaning “to work,” and ista, meaning someone or something which does. The Yup’ik language does not have a word for “corporation.” ---- Chugach Alaska Corporation (CAC) is an Alaska Native Regional Corporation with its corporate headquarters located in Anchorage, Alaska. Chugach has more than 6,500 employees worldwide with regional offices in Washington, D.C., Nevada, Alabama and Hawaii. More than 2,200 shareholders of Aleut, Eskimo and Indian heritage elect the members of CAC’s Board of Directors (all of whom are Alaska Natives). ---- Cook Inlet Region, Incorporated is one of the 13 Alaska Native regional corporations. The geographic boundary of the Cook Inlet Region, Inc (CIRI) closely approximates the traditional homeland of the Dena’ina Athabascans. Within the regional boundary are villages and group sites recognized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. In addition, within the regional boundary is the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska’s largest urban center. Cook Inlet Region, Inc. was incorporated in Alaska on June 8, 1972. Headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, CIRI is a for-profit corporation, and is owned by more than 7,300 Alaska Native shareholders of Athabascan and Southeast Indian, Inupiat, Yup’ik, Alutiiq and Aleut descent ---- Inupiaq Culture: The history of the people of Alaska’s North Slope reaches back thousands of years, and serves as the foundation upon which ASRC will continue to build in order to benefit future generations. As a company owned and operated by Iñupiaq, ASRC relies on the teachings of the region’s ancestors and lives by the values passed on through countless generations. Iñupiaq values guide ASRC in actively managing its businesses, lands, resources and business relationships. Arctic Slope Corporation’s core values are the cornerstone of its success as a community partner and as a company. Many shareholders engage in subsistence lifestyles, and urban Iñupiat often return to their village to partake in seasonal hunting and whaling traditions. ---- * [https://www.alaskan-natives.com/542/beaver-village/ Alaskan Natives Dot Com listing] ==Athabascan== The Athabascan people traditionally lived in Interior Alaska, an expansive region that begins south of the Brooks Mountain Range and continues down to the Kenai Peninsula. There are eleven linguistic groups of Athabascans in Alaska. Athabascan people have traditionally lived along five major river ways: the Yukon, the Tanana, the Susitna, the Kuskokwim, and the Copper river drainages. Athabascans migrated seasonally, traveling in small groups to fish, hunt and trap. Gwich'in *[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwichin/ Canadian Encyclopedia article] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwich%27in Wikipedia article] ==Wikitree Native American Project Members== These are WikiTree members working to connect Native Alaskans to the one-world tree. ==Sources== See also: *[http://www.bia.gov/WhoWeAre/RegionalOffices/Alaska/ Native Indian Affairs: Alaska]

[[Category:Native American Units in US Civil War]] [[Category:United_States_Civil_War]] [[Category: Native American Genealogy Resources]] Native Americans Resource Page for WikiTree: '''US Civil War: War Between the States Project''' *[[Project:US_Civil_War:_War_Between_the_States|US Civil War: War Between the States Project Page]] *[https://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Space:Civil_War_Project_Resource_Page&public=1 Project Resource Page] ==Introduction== During the U.S. Civil War, 28,693 American Indians served in the Union and Confederate armies.[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War Wikipedia: Native Americans in the Civil War]. They served in various regiments in Oklahoma as well as in military units of other states. Many Native American tribes fought in the war including: the Delaware, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Kickapoo, Seneca, Osage, Shawnee, Choctaw, Lumbee, Chickasaw, Iroquois, Powhatan, Pequot, Ojibwa, Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, Catawba, and Pamunkey. The Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side.[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War Wikipedia: Native Americans in the Civil War]. [[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]][[Image:Paula s Sources-76.jpg|50px|]] ''The warriors found curious the white man's strategy of standing still and allowing people to shoot at them, or lob artillery shells at them; the Cherokee tended to be spectacular at wildly brave mounted charges, but once the artillery began to fire, the warriors wanted nothing to do with it.''.[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/civil-war-societys-encyclopedia-of-the-civil-war-civil-war-society/1002164177?ean=9780517149836 Encyclopedia of the Civil War]. == Online Sources == The following online sources are places to learn more about the history of Native American involvement in the US Civil War. Know of one not listed? Please add it! === Free Sites === * [https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/e/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Civil War Confederate Regular Troops Indian Units] === Paid Sites === * [http://www.civilwardata.com/ American Civil War Database] Annual Membership $25, visitor pass $10. * [http://www.fold3.com/ Fold3] Annual Membership, $79.95. Coupons and discounts are available online for certain groups, including veterans. An Ancestry.com site. Has many military record images (not all), census records. Navigation/searches can be difficult. Record images are very good. [http://go.fold3.com/special/?iid=446 7 Day Free Trial] could be used if you amass a number of searches and complete them at one time. NOTE: Check the project page for members who are willing to do a look up based upon their membership. == Units == === Confederate Tribal Units === ====Cherokee==== *[http://www.thomaslegion.net/ Thomas' Legion Troop Roster] *[http://tennessee.gov/tsla/history/misc/cherokee.htm Cherokee Research at TSLA] *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Family Search Confederate Native American Units] ====Choctaw==== *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Family Search Confederate Native American Units] ====Seminole==== *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Family Search Confederate Native American Units] ====Catawba==== *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Family Search Confederate Native American Units] ====Creek==== *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Civil_War_Confederate_Regular_Troops,_Indian_Units Family Search Confederate Native American Units] === Union Tribal Units === ====Delaware==== ====Creek==== ====Cherokee==== ====Seminole==== ====Kickapoo==== ====Seneca==== ====Osage==== ====Shawnee==== ====Choctaw==== ====Lumbee==== ==== Chickasaw==== ====Iroquois==== ====Powhatan==== ====Pequot==== ====Ojibwa==== ====Huron==== ====Odawa==== ====Potawatomi==== ====Catawba==== ====Pamunkey==== == Maps == *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/indians_states_shepherd.jpg Location of. Tribes at the Time of the Civil War] * State maps available at: [http://www.digital-topo-maps.com/county-map/ Digital Topo Maps]. NOTE: A disclaimer is required when used. This can be placed under the comments on the photo page. == Sources ==

[[Category:Native Americans Project Teams]] [[Category: Native American Category Review]] The [[Project:Native Americans|Native Americans Project]] invites members to organize in "teams" based on their more specific interest. They are both topical (e.g., Cherokee) and functional (e.g., Categorization). Please see the list of the teams below, add your name and ID (signed with ~~~~and who to contact if you have any queries: == Native Americans Categorization Team == This team, in collaboration with the [[Project:Categorization|Categorization project]], reviews and updates category usage pertaining to profiles of Native Americans. === Members === * This team is currently empty; we are seeking a liaison between Categorization and the Native Americans project. Contact [[Smith-32867|Jillaine Smith]] if you're interested. *[[O'Dell-121|Lorraine O'Dell]] I hope to work on profiles for individuals in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania and I'm very interested and opinionated about categories (retired librarian) and would like to do free-space pages for tribes and bands. == Resources & Integration Team == If you enjoy researching, locating and organizing resources related to Native Americans, this is the team for you. As you come across project resources relating to Native Americans in general or a specific Tribe, add them to our [[Space:Native_Americans_Project_Reliable_Sources|reliable Native American resources page]]. Do you live in or near an area where Native Americans live or lived? Have the time to do some research for other WikiTreers? This might be a good place for you to contribute to the Native Americans project. You might be able to answer project-related questions posted to G2G with the native_american or native_americans tag. If you don't know the answer, point to a person or project who might know the answer. If the person needs a little profile help, show them how to do whatever it is they are stumbling on. === Team Members === *[[Barnett-3517|Linda Barnett]] *[[Edwards-18213|Rose Edwards]] *[[Mason-10934| Sarah Mason]] is currently concentrating on the Ponca Tribe, but occasionally branching out into other Plains Tribes in the Nebraska area. [[Mason-10934|Mason-10934]] 00:52, 17 November 2019 (UTC) *[[G-499|Arora Anonymous]] *[[Hensel-236|Carrie Lippincott]] I'll be working on the native american tribes of Montana. == Myths & Legends Team == '''Coordinator''': [[Parks-2399| Kathryn Parks]] There are quite a few fictional, fraudulent, or mythical people who have been included as Native American or married to a Native American. If you would like to work with this team in identifying and correcting those profiles, contact one of the coordinators and let them know you would be willing to help. === Team Members === *[[Poncy-1|Duane Poncy]] * == Profile Improvers Team == The goal of the Native Americans Project is to raise Native American profiles to the highest standard possible and make Native American profiles the best that they can be. The PIP Team is on the front line of the coordinated effort to achieve this. Whether it be through sourcing, profiling, connecting or data-doctoring, profilers are making contributions to improve Native American profiles all the time. In addition to this, the Native American Project manages a number of profiles where extra focus is given. Further still are the PPPs (Project Protected Profiles). The criteria for these is that the profile must be at least 200 years old or notable, and it must be contentious or duplicated. If you would like to work on this team, contact [[Smith-32867| Jillaine Smith]]. === Team Members === * [[Baraboo-1| Jerry Baraboo]] (Metis) == Native Americans in U.S. History == * [[Space:Trail_of_Tears|Trail of Tears]] * [[Space:Native_America_Resource_Page_US_Civil_War:_War_Between_the_States|Native Americans in the US Civil War/War Between the States]] == Native American Tribes / Nations == If you're working on a particular tribe or nation, find the tribe or nation below, click on it, and add your name to its specific page if you're interested in in working with the project to ensure that profiles of specific Tribes or Nations. See the specific Tribe / Nation team pages for details of what each group is currently working on. * '''Click on Tribe name below to go to Tribal page and add your name as a participant.'''