[[Category: 6th Dragoon Guards]] See:[[:Category: 6th Dragoon Guards]] ==6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers)== ===Recruitment===
'6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) Recruiting poster

*NAM Accession Number *NAM. 1983-11-93-1 *Copyright/Ownership: National Army Museum, London *Location: National Army Museum, Study collection *Object URL: http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1983-11-93-1 Sourced From: [http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1983-11-93-1 National Army Museum] on Thursday, September 04, 2014.

'6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) Wanted Smart and Intelligent Young Men To Join This Distinguished Regiment'.'

The 6th Dragoon Guards served throughout the First World War on the Western Front, fighting at Mons, the Marne, in the first two battles of Ypres, the Somme, Arras and Cambrai. It spent the post-war years in Ireland during its War of Independence (1919-1922), before being redeployed to India. There, in 1922, it was merged with the 3rd Regiment of Dragoon Guards to form the 3rd/6th Dragoon Guards. The carabiniers title did live on, however, since the new unit was renamed the 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards) six years after its formation.
*NAM Accession Number *NAM. 1983-11-93-1 *Copyright/Ownership: National Army Museum, London *Location: National Army Museum, Study collection *Object URL: http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1983-11-93-1 Sourced From: [http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1983-11-93-1 National Army Museum] on Thursday, September 04, 2014.

===[https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/1/1c/Hepburn-403.jpg 1911] Mauritius and South Africa=== :List of '''6th Dragoon Guard'''
[https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/1/1c/Hepburn-403.jpg 1911 England Census]

County/Island: Military | Country: England | Military Unit: 6th Dragoon Guards | Registration District Number: 641 | ED, institution, or vessel: Mauritius and South Africa | Piece: 34976

#Owen James Burrells | Age 21 #Walter Betty Campbell | Age 21 #John Davidson | Age 21 #Thomas William Charlton | Age 22 #Alexander Main | Age 22 #John Ernest Edwards | Age 21 #Robert Macdonald | Age 21 #Alexander Munro | Age 21 #James Miller Macintosh | Age 21 #John William Chiddington | Age 17 #James Meston | Age 21 #John Herdman | Age 21 #Douglas Macdonald | Age 21 #William Reynolds | Age 22 #John Sharp | Age 26 #Jesse James | Age 21 #Thomas Wood | Age 21 #John Smyth | Age 21 #Henry Scott | Age 21 #Henry Pattinson | Age 22 #Andrew Griffen | Age 21 #Thomas Jardine | Age 20 #James Davidson | Age 21 #James Gordon Forster | Age 20 #Samuel Pusill | Age 21 #Albert Thomas Williams | Age 21 #Arthur Smith | Age 21 #[[Hepburn-403|Charles Hepburn]] | Age 21 | POB: Aberdeen, Scotland | Single | Rank: Private #James Small | Age 21 #William George Wyatt | Age 22 #Charles Stock | Age 20 #Charles Reginald Horwood | Age 16 #Thomas Morgan | Age 21 #Charles Frederick Fisher | Age 18 #Patrick Geraghty | Age 21 #Frederick Thorncroft | Age 16 #George Penfold | Age 16 #William Wilson | Age 20 #Andrew Beer | Age 21 #William Jones | Age 20 #Samuel Sissous | Age 22 #Arthur Owens | Age 21 #William Kay | Age 21 #William Phillips | Age 21 #John Critchley | Age 21 #Harry Granville Smith | Age 20 #William Frederick Blowers | Age 20 #Walter Wheelhouse | Age 22 #Alexander Bamberry | Age 20 #Archibald Juill | Age 20 #Reginald Henry Edward Henning | Age 20 #Peter Docherty | Age 20 #William John Moss | Age 20 #William Adam | Age 20 #Edward Gerrard Hairs | Age 20 #Albert Edward Harris | Age 20 #James Cuthbertson | Age 20 #James Sinclair | Age 21 #Joseph Meritt Jackson | Age 20 #John Prentice | Age 20 #Frederick Hawkes | Age 20 #John Davie Berry | Age 21 #Arthur William Kellow | Age 20 #Greslin Grinesguard | Age 20 #James Arthur Ratlidge | Age 20 #George Atherton | Age 20 #Gordon Neill | Age 20 #Richard George Bovill | Age 20 #Harold Frank Luther | Age 20 #William John Sickler | Age 20 #John Hunter | Age 20 #Sydney Frederick McIntyre | Age 20 #William Meiklejohn | Age 21 #Horace Brown | Age 20 #Roderick Mackenzie | Age 21 #George James Twiss | Age 20 #Joseph Cox | Age 20 #Frederick Davies | Age 22 #Edward Judd | Age 24 #Robert Edney | Age 20 #William Collings | Age 16 #Arthur Maude | Age 21 #Stanley Roberts O'Connor | Age 20 #John Barnes | Age 23 #Llewellyn Thomas | Age 20 #Samuel Whiteside | Age 24 #James Holmes | Age 22 #William Heath | Age 26 #Frank Brown | Age 27 #George Serrels | Age 21 #Oswald Warburton Howarth | Age 25 #Harry Thomas | Age 21 #Ernest Killer | Age 22 #Frederick James Andrews | Age 23 #Robert Lambie | Age 21 #Albert Allen | Age 23 #John Welb Clatsworthy | Age 19 #David Jones | Age 23 #Richard White | Age 20 #William Wales | Age 21

===Sources===

[[Category:Ewyas]] ==Ewyas== {{Image|file=Resources_for_Ancient_Britain-4.png |align=r |size=m }} Ewyas appears as a kingdom of the [[:Category: Siluria|Silures Britons]]. Sometimes known as Ewias or Euas, the latter name appearing later. The Kingdom was situated on the eastern edge of mid-south Wales (now in the English county of Herefordshire and probably also including eastern portions of Gloucestershire). Its capital was the Roman city of Caerwent (Caer Gwent)(Monmouthshire). The Romans called the town Venta Silurum (which is generally accepted to mean "market town of the Silures", implying that they were there prior. Typically, its rulers traced their lineage to some of the greatest figures of Celtic British history, the list of ancestors dating back to the landing of Julius Caesar in 55 BC., likely an attempt to win favour with Rome. There is overlap with the [[:Category: Siluria|Silures Britons]] and profiles can be attributed to either or both up to c. 180 when this category should be used in preference. ===Known Events=== c. 22 AD. '''Alan ap Bran''', brother of Caradoc ap Bran. Appears as King of Ewyas and Silures. He is followed by his brother. c. 24 AD. '''Sadwr ap Bran'''. He is regarded as the third son of High King Bran Fendigaid. Legend provides there was 12 sons. Like his brother he appears to have been King of Ewyas and Silures. There is division at this point between Silures and Ewyas. Why this division occurs is unknown but while Caratacus appears as King of Silures, Sadwr ap Bran is followed by his sister. c. 65 AD. '''Eurgain'''. She is said to have been in Rome. On her return she is accredited with bring Christianity to Ewyas. c. 65/70 AD. '''Coellyn ap Caradog''' appears as King. It is likely that the Caradoc mentioned is Caradoc ap Bran and this a return to a male line. c. 100. '''Owain ap Beli'''. At some point in his reign the Silures achieve civitas status, giving the Silures the rights of citizenship. The capital at Venta Silurum (Caerwent) is developed. c. 140. '''Meirchion Fawdfilr ap Owain''' a son of Owain ap Beli. c. 180. '''Cwrrig Fawr''' or Goruc Mawr (Cwrrig the Great). The relationship to the previous King is unclear. c. 215. '''Gwrddwfn ap Cwrrig''', a son to Cwrrig. c. 250. '''Einudd ap Gwrddwfn''', a son to Gwrddwfn. c. 283. '''Eudaf Hen''', also known by his Roman name Octavius the Old. He appears as King of Ewyas & High King of Britain. c. 283. '''St Elen Lwyddog''' (Helen of the Host). She is said to have been a daughter of Eudaf Hen and is said to have married Magnus Maximus, Emperor of the Western Roman Emperor (d.388). Clearly there is confusion of dates here as Magnus Maximus was born c. 335. Although not formally canonised by Rome, she is known as Saint Helen of Caernarfon in the Welsh church. c. 285. '''Gereint ap Einudd''' Son of Einudd. He is the father of Conan Meriadog of [[:Category: Dumnonia|Dumnonia]]. c. 300. Of note, archaeologists have discovered that around this period, extensive fortification work occurred at Caerwent, Glevum and Caerleon. The reason is unknown but presumed to relate to a significant increase by Irish raiders (Scoti) at the time. The Roman Government of Britain reorganised around this period dividing Britain into four regions. Ewyas becomes part of '''Britannia Prima'''. c. 320. '''Arthfael ap Einudd''', appears as King. He was a brother to Gereint. c. 340. '''Gwrgant ap Arthfael'''. He was a son of Arthfael. c. 380. '''Meirchion ap Gwrgant'''. In around 383, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus Magnus Maximus], as commander of Britain and High King of the Britons, before leaving for Rome, reorganised Britain. The region of mid-south Wales was part of his defensive districts with a capital at a place called Cernyw. He placed his son, Eugenius, in command of the new territory. At some point before 430 this district falls under the control of High King [[Gwidol-1|Vortigern]]. It doesn't appear as a distinct entity after this date. Vortigern grants the territory, encompassing Ewyas, to his son [[Fendigaid-3|Vortimer]]. Vortigrn's new territory becomes Gwent. ===Sources=== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewyas Wikipedia] for later years and is not particularly accurate for the early period.

[[Category:Great Britain]] {{Succession box2 | title = Kingdom of Great Britain (Great Britain) | years = 1707 - 1800 | preceded-text = Created From | before = Kingdom of [[:Category: Kingdom of England|England and Wales]] and the Kingdom of [[:Category: Scotland|Scotland]] | succeeded-text = Became | after = '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland''' }} '''Great Britain'''
The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. The state was created following the Treaty of Union in 1706 and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707. It united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single, united kingdom, encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands. It did not, in the Parliamentary Acts, include the Kingdom of Ireland which was already governed by an executive order from the Parliament at Westminster and under the control of a Lord Deputy or viceroy; effectively part of England. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government, based at Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, bringing about a "Union of the Crowns". After the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at [[:Category: Battle of Culloden|Culloden]] in 1746. Later, in 1763, victory in the [[:Category: Seven Years' War|Seven Years' War]] led to the dominance of the British Empire, which was to be the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history. On 1 January 1801, the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. See the wikipedia article on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain Kingdom of Great Britain] for more. '''Significant events of the 18th century'''
In the 18th Century Great Britain was one of the worlds "superpowers"; its main competitor being France. The early 18th Century saw the consolidation of the overseas territories in North America and the West Indies and their holdings in Africa, India and Indonesia. The new treaty meant that the dominions of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Scotland '''Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies'''], also called the [[:Category: Darien scheme|Darien Company]] were ceded to Great Britain. The assets of [[:category: British East India Company|East India Company]] were retained by the Company but the land became part of the British Empire. '''1700 - 1714; [[:Category: War of the Spanish Succession|War of the Spanish Succession]]'''. The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of the King of France, raised British fears of the unification of France, Spain and their colonies. In 1701, then England, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the [[:Category: War of the Spanish Succession|War of the Spanish Succession]]. The conflict lasted until 1714, until France and Spain finally lost. At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht, Spain lost its empire in Europe, and, although it kept its empire in the Americas and the Philippines, it was irreversibly weakened as a great power. The new British Empire, based upon what until 1707 had been the English overseas possessions, was enlarged: from France, Great Britain gained Newfoundland and [[:Category: Acadians|Acadia]], and from Spain it gained Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar became a major naval base and allowed Great Britain to control the strait connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean The North American Theatre became known as [[:Category: Queen Anne's War|Queen Anne's War]]. '''1715; [[:Category: First Jacobite Rising|First Jacobite Rising]].''' During the [[:Category: War of the Spanish Succession|War of the Spanish Succession]] the French supported the Stuart cause in attempts to create a second front in Britain. In 1708 James Stuart, the Old Pretender, sailed from Dunkirk with 6000 French troops in nearly 30 ships of the French navy. His intended landing in the Firth of Forth was thwarted by the Royal Navy, under Admiral Byng. Over the protests of James, the French admiral chose not to risk a landing and opted to retreat instead of fight. The French fleet, pursued by the British round the north of Scotland, lost ships and most of their men in shipwrecks on the way back to Dunkirk, mainly on the Irish coast. Following the ascension of George I in 1714, Tory Jacobites in England conspired to organise armed rebellions against the new Hanoverian government. They were indecisive and frightened by government arrests of their leaders, however there was significant support for the cause in Scotland and Ireland and James' supporters rebelled against the ruling Government; the first Jacobite rebellion. Failure of the rebellion led to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarming_Act Disarming and Clan Acts of 1716] and the Clearance of part of the Highlands, shifting the people, in the main to the [[:Category: Colonial America|North American Colonies]]. '''1719; [[:Category: Jacobite Rising in Scotland|The rising of 1719 ("the Nineteen")]]'''. With France at peace with Britain, following the Treaty of Utrecht, the Jacobites found a new ally in Spain. An invasion force set sail in 1719 with two frigates to land in Scotland to raise the clans. Twenty-seven ships carried 5,000 soldiers to England, but the latter were dispersed by storms before they could land. When the two Spanish frigates successfully landed a party of Jacobites led by Lord Tullibardine and [[:Category: Earls Marischal|Earls Marischal]] with 300 Spanish soldiers at Loch Duich, they held Eilean Donan Castle but this was soon captured and destroyed by a Royal Naval reconnaissance force. They met only lukewarm support from a few clans. At the [[:Category: Battle of Glen Shiel|Battle of Glen Shiel]], the Spanish and Jacobite soldiers were forced to surrender to government forces. '''1755 - 1764 ; [[:Category: Seven Years' War|Seven Years' War]]'''. Is often regarded as the first global war and engagements were fought in every region of the globe. The conflict in [[:Category:India (en)|India]] is termed the '''Third Carnatic War''', while the fighting between Prussia and [[:Category: Austria|Austria]] is called the '''Third Silesian War'''. In the English-speaking British colonies in North America (present-day United States mainly as Canada knows it as the Seven Years' War) it is known as the [[:Category: French and Indian War|French and Indian War]]. Swedish historiography uses the name '''Pommerska kriget (Pomeranian War)''', as [[:Category: Sweden|Swedish]] involvement was limited to Pomerania in northern central Germany. A war between Britain and Spain from 1761-1763 was called the [[:Category: Anglo-Spanish War (1761-63)|Anglo-Spanish War (1761-1763)]]. The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. '''1775 - 1783; [[:Category: American Revolution|American Revolutionary War]].''' Started following resentment, primarily because of a failure to distribute land gained as a result of the Seven Years' War to local recipients and towards the British Parliament's ability to tax [[:Category: British North America|colonists in North America]] without their consent, it flared into a violent insurrection. In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began, as the Americans trapped the British army in Boston and suppressed the Loyalists who supported the Crown. In 1776 the Americans declared the independence of the United States of America. In 1777 and again in 1781, the American forces captured two main British armies. As a result of the furore raised in Great Britain, King George III lost control of Parliament. Parliament gained control over the ability to wage war and forced the Treaty of Paris by which Great Britain relinquished the Thirteen Colonies and recognised the United States. As a result of the defeat in the American Revolutionary War between 40,000 and 60,000 Loyalists migrated to Canada. Most families were given free land to compensate their losses. Several thousand free blacks also arrived; most of them later went to Sierra Leone in Africa. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and English-speaking communities. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America created the impetus for a shift in focus of foreign policy. In India focus shifted from a trading enterprise to part of the British Empire, Australia and New Zealand, following the exploration by Cook in the 1770's became a focus of migration, either forced or voluntary. In 1787 the [[:Category: First Fleet|First Fleet to Australia]] set sail, carrying the first shipment of convicts to the colony. It arrived in January 1788. '''Monarchs of Great Britain'''
[[Stuart-27|Queen Anne]] (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714), the last Stuart monarch of England and Scotland was the ruling monarch and was instrumental in the agreement to the Treaty of the Union. She became the first monarch of Great Britain. Under the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 Act of Settlement 1701] all Catholics were disqualified from inheriting Anne's titles and thus the son of Sophia of Hanover, George, inherited. Sophia was the daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, and eldest daughter of James VI of Scotland, I of England. [[Hannover-19|George I]] (George Louis; German: Georg Ludwig) (28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death in 1727. Prior to his accession to the throne he was, from 1698, ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) in the Holy Roman Empire thus making Hannover part, by personal Union, of Great Britain and the cause of their support in military engagements of the day. He was followed by his son. [[Hannover-18|George II]] (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August); (30 October / 9 November 1683O – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death in 1760. He was followed by his son. [[Hannover-17|George III]] (George William Frederick); (4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors he was born in Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. '''Peerage of Great Britain'''
As a result of the Union of 1707, no new peerages were created in the Peerage of England or the Peerage of Scotland. English peerages continued to carry the right to a seat in the House of Lords, while the Scottish peers elected representative peers from among their own number to sit in the Lords. Peerages continued to be created by the Crown, either in the new Peerage of Great Britain, which meant a seat in the House of Lords, or in the Peerage of Ireland, giving the holder a seat in the Irish House of Lords. At the same time, and following the deposition by the parliament (Cromwell) in February 1689 (England and Ireland) and April 1689 (Scotland) of King James II and VII from the thrones of England and Ireland, he and his successors continued to create peers and baronets, which they believed was their right. This became known as the [[:Category: Jacobite Peerage|Jacobite Peerage]]. These creations were not and are not recognised in British law, but the titles were used in Continental Europe and recognised by France, Spain and the Papacy. '''Indentured Servitude'''
During the period of rule of Great Britain it was common practise to use indentured labour. Until the late 18th century, indentured servitude was a very common practice in the [[:Category: British America|the British colonies of the Americas]]. While it was often a way for poor people in Britain to emigrate to the colonies: they signed an indenture in return for a passage, it was also a system which was manipulated. At times children were shipped by indenture, often ignorant of their choice, they were effectively "pressed" into indentured servitude and shipped to the Americas. Wikitree is managing the profiles of those involved in these transportations through [[:Category: British Indentured Servitude|British Indentured Servitude]] and [[:Category: British Indentured Children|Indentured Children]]. This sub-project is managed by [[McChesney-105|Grace McChesney]].

{{Profile-box|For categories related to the honours and awards of the United Kingdom, see [[:Category: British Isles and Ireland, Civil Decorations|the main category]]}} [[Category: British Isles and Ireland, Civil Decorations]] ''' Honours and Awards of the United Kingdom ''' The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom Order of precedence] is the hierarchy for Peers of the Realm, officers of state, senior members of the clergy, holders of the various Orders of Chivalry and other persons in the legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom. The highest rank in the United Kingdom is the King or Queen who, as Sovereign, is always first in the order of precedence. The King is always followed by the '''Queen consort''', the first in the order of precedence for women. The reverse, however, is not always true for '''Queens regnant''' and there is no established law of precedence for a '''prince consort''', so he is usually granted specific precedence by letters patent. As such the '''prince consort''' may rank lower than the heir apparent or the heir presumptive, even if the heir is his own son. ''' Naming Conventions ''' Use the naming convention specified in [[Help:Name Fields for European Aristocrats]]. '''Precedence''' Precedence of office is used for a variety of reasons, many of which are beyond the scope and nature of wikitree. On wikitree, Precedence is used to determine which title is used in the appropriate field and which post-nominal precedes others. Generally, in the case of post nominals, the higher, in precedence, of the Order the greater the precedence in the suffix field and the individuals status in the Chivalric Order takes precedence over other post-nominals. In the case of membership of more than one Order then the senior Order takes precedence. However the exception is for those individuals awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) and the George Cross (GC) which take precedence over any other post-nominal. Precedence in the United Kingdom, after the Royal family, is, in order: '''Officers of State''' : '''For England and Wales'''; [[:Category:Archbishops of Canterbury, Church of England|Archbishop of Canterbury]], (England and Wales), [[:Category: Lord Chancellors of the United Kingdom|Lord Chancellor]], [[:Category:Archbishops of York, Church of England|Archbishop of York]] (England and Wales), Archbishop of Wales (Wales), [[:Category: British Prime Ministers|First Lord of the Treasury]], [[:Category: Privy Counsellors of the United Kingdom|Lord President of the Privy Council]], [[:Category: Speakers of the House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons]], [[:Category: Lord Speakers of the House of Lords|Lord Speaker]], President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, [[:Category:Lord Chief Justices of England and Wales|Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]] and the [[:Category: Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal|Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal]]. The precedence, in England and Wales, of the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Earl Marshal, the Lord Steward and the Lord Chamberlain are determined by the rank and class of the peerage of the holder of the office and not by position in State. : '''For Scotland''': Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and the Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, '''if being Peers''', rank after the [[:Category: Lord Speakers of the House of Lords|Lord Speaker of the House of Lords]]. If not, then they rank after the younger sons of dukes. The Hereditary High Constable of Scotland and the Master of the Household in Scotland rank above dukes. If the Keepers of the Seals are Peers, then the Keepers precede the High Constable and Master of the Household. '''Peers of the Realm''' The ranks of Peers are as follows: — Duke (and Duchess), Marquess (and Marchioness), Earl (and Countess), Viscount (and Viscountess), and Baron (and Baroness). In Scotland, in modern times, there is a distinction between a Scottish Lord (and Lady) of Parliament that are Peers of the Realm and a Baron that is not. Peerages that have been used in the British Isles are described under Peerages of the British Isles and the current Peerage is the Peerage of the United Kingdom. If displaying a Profile on wikitree use the Title, Earl of xxxxx, Lord of yyyy, in the Other Nicknames field. There is no specific honourific for the Prefix Field although many will have held military, church or state rank or have been knighted and allowed the use of Sir, do not use Lord to describe title although Lady, to describe the wife of a knight is valid. There is no specific suffix although the (Chivalric) Order post nominals should be used if known. Within the respective ranks of the Peerage, the rank of Peers correspond to the venerability (age) of the creation of their individual peerage. However the Peerage of England (pre-1707) takes precedence over the Peerage of Scotland (pre-1707). Both these take precedence over the Peerage of Great Britain (1707-1801), all together over the Pre-Union Peerage of Ireland (pre-1801), in turn taking precedence over the Peerage of the United Kingdom (post-1801), which, in turn, takes precedence over the Post-Union Peerage of Ireland (1801-1922). The Peerage of Ireland is held on wikitree as a single Peerage. Titles under the Hereditary Peerage have precedence over Title under Life Peerage, that is those that cannot be inherited, and should be used in precedence. '''Leaders of the Church''' : '''England and Wales''': The Primates, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, Archbishop of Wales. rank immediately above the Peerage in seniority. Following the Peerage in seniority, in order, are the Bishops of London, Bishop of Durham, Bishop of Winchester, followed by the other diocesan bishops in order of seniority, and then the suffragan bishops in order of seniority. The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe, whose Sees are full and integral parts of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of York and Canterbury, respectively, are also usually included as suffragan bishops of the Church of England for the purpose of precedence. See wikipedia for a list of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_in_the_Church_of_England#Diocesan_bishops seniority]. : '''Scotland''': In Scotland, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland ranks immediately below the sovereign or consort (depending on their respective sex), but only when the General Assembly is in session, and immediately followed by the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. : '''Northern Ireland''': No "official" seniority is applied although the one applied in Burke's Peerage is suitable for use on wikitree. '''Knights of Chivalry and Baronets''' In order of precedence: : [[:Category: Order of the Garter|The Most Noble Order of the Garter]]; Knights (and Ladies of the Order) are entitled to KG (or LG) in the Suffix Field. The use of which precedes all other post-nominals other than the Victoria Cross (VC) or George Cross (GC). Knights Companion prefix "Sir" and Ladies Companion prefix "Lady" to their forenames. Wives of Knights Companion may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no corresponding privilege exists for husbands of Ladies Companion. : [[:Category: Order of the Thistle|The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle]]; Knights (and Ladies of the Order) are entitled to KT (or LT) in the Suffix Field. The use of which precedes all other post-nominals other than the Victoria Cross (VC) or George Cross (GC) and Baronet (Bt). Knights Companion prefix "Sir" and Ladies Companion prefix "Lady" to their forenames. Wives of Knights Companion may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no corresponding privilege exists for husbands of Ladies Companion. : [[:Category: Order of St Patrick|The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick]]; Baronets are not Knights of Chivalry and, with some other exceptions, is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage. Baronets are not formally deemed noble, although they are widely regarded as being members of the aristocracy. A baronet is addressed as "Sir" or "Dame" and ranks above all knighthoods and damehoods in the Order of precedence, except for the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle (and the dormant Order of St Patrick). : [[:Category:Knights of the Bath|Knights of the Bath]] (KB) until 1661, [[:Category: Order of the Bath|Order of the Bath]] ([[:Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath|KB]] 1722-1815. [[:Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath|CB]], [[:Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]], [[:Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|GCB]] 1815-present). See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom Honours System Of The United Kingdom].

[[Category: Iceni]] [[Category: Pre-Norman Britain]] {{Image|file=Resources_for_Ancient_Britain-2.png |align=r |size=m }} Known, primarily for [[:Category: Boudica's Uprising|the uprising against the Romans by Boudica]], the Iceni (or Eceni) were a Celtic tribe based in what is now Norfolk, north-western Suffolk and eastern Cambridgeshire. Their likely origin was Belgic but they were in place before the arrival of Julius Caesar in 54 BC. It is likely the same tribe noticed by him as the Cenimagni (Ceni for Iceni and magni for great). They were bordered to the south by the [[:Category: Trinovantes|Trinovantes]], to the west by the [[:Category: Catuvellauni|Catuvellauni]] and by the [[:Category: Coritani|Coritani]] to the north. ===Known events=== AD 20. Coin evidence suggests that a Can- is the first King. His coins are based on those of the Canti possibly suggesting a family link. c. 30 AD. An '''Antedios''' (seen as Anted- on coins). He seems to have been king but their appears to have been a revolt against using his name on coins and these were retracted and new ones bearing Ecen- (the tribe name) were issued. 43 AD. The Iceni were known to favour Roman occupation. Possibly due to the treatment to the [[:Category: Catuvellauni|Catuvellauni]] and the [[:Category: Trinovantes|Trinovantes]]. The king at the time was Antedios. There was a tribal revolt however and two other nobles appear at the time; Aesu- (on coins, possibly Aesunos) and Saemu- or Saenu- (on coins, possibly Saenuvax). 47 AD. Publius Ostorius Scapula, Roman Governor, attempts to disarm the Iceni which leads to a revolt. This is put down and the Iceni become a client kingdom. Rome installs Prasutagus, likely after executing other contenders. 47 - 59. '''[[Iceni-3|Prasutagus]]'''. Following his death the Romans move to appropriate all of the Iceni lands and disarm the tribe. His wife, [[Iceni-1|Boadicea]] leads a revolt. 59 - 61. ''' [[Iceni-1|Boadicea]]'''. Boudicca (or Boudica) leads a powerful Celtic uprising in AD 60 involving the Iceni, the [[:Category: Trinovantes|Trinovantes]] and other smaller elements that have suffered under Roman rule. It was a successful revolt which gained much of the lower south east Britain. It resulted in the sacking of Camulodunum (Colchester), the capital of Roman Britain at the time, Londinium (London), and Verulamium (St. Albans). The main Roman Army, at the time, was fighting the Deceangli, a tribe in north east Wales. Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus moved quickly to confront the revolt and, somewhere along Watling Street, destroyed the force in the field. The fate of Boudica is unknown in the historical record but it is presumed she took her own life rather than submit to the Romans. After 61 AD the tribe ceases to exist as a separate entity.

[[Category:Justices of Chester]] '''Justices of Chester''' See also: Peter Turner, comp, "Appendix 3—Welsh Records. List of Officers of the Palatinate of Chester, in the Counties of Chester and Flint, and North Wales, from the Earliest Period to the Extinction of the Welsh Judicature'', ''The Thirty-First Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records [26 February 1870]'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1870), 169, e-Book ''HathiTrust'' (https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015039450526?urlappend=%3Bseq=197%3Bownerid=34524647-196 : accessed 6 May, 2022). {|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="3" border="1" !|Year !|Name !|Notes |- |1209 |[[Orreby-6|Philip de Orreby]] |1209-1228George Ormerod, "Containing the Introduction and Prolegomena, the County of the City of Chester and Bucklow Hundred", ''The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester; Compiled from Original Evidences in Public Offices, the Harleian and Cottonian MSS, Parochial Registers, Private Muniments, Unpublished Ms Collections of Successive Cheshire Antiquaries, and a Personal Survey of Every Township in the County; incorporated with a republication of King's Vale Royal, and Leycester's Cheshire Antiquities'', 2nd Edition, Ed, Thomas Helsby, 3 volumes, (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1882), I:51, e-book ''HathiTrust'' (https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924088434034?urlappend=%3Bseq=157%3Bownerid=13510798902306474-185 : accessed 13 April, 2022). |- |1240 |John of Lexington | 7 May, 1240''Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the Reign of Henry III'' [CFR] ''1239–40'', (available both on the ''Henry III Fine Rolls Project'' website and within ''Calendar of the Fine Rolls of the Reign of Henry, Volume III, 1234–1242'', ed. P. Dryburgh and B. Hartland, technical ed. A. Ciula and J.M. Vieira, 3 vols. (Woodbridge, 2009), no. 66), (https://finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/calendar/roll_007E.html#it066_002 : accessed 14 October, 2022). |- |1241 |John Lestrange |25 May, 1241''Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and other Analogous Documents Preserved in the Public Record Office, Volume I, Henry III'', ed. J E E S Sharp, A E Stamp, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1904), 2, e-book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/calendarinquisi00offigoog/page/2/mode/2up : accessed 13 April, 2022). Abstract No 9 John, Earl of Chester. |- |?-1250 |[[Grey-341|John de Grey]] |2 July 1250, John de Grey was replaced by Alan la Zusche.''Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Henry III 1247-1258'', Eds J G Black, R F Isaacson, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1908), 70, e-book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/patentrollsreig00unkngoog/page/70/mode/1up : accessed 13 April, 2022). |- |1250 |[[Zouche-4|Alan la Zusche]] |2 July, appointed for two years and one quarter. |- |1270 | [[Grey-551|Reginald de Grey]] | |- |1274 | [[Badlesmere-3|Guncelin de Badlesmere]] |Gonselin de Badlesmere was justiciary of Chester following the resignation on 29 September, 1274 of lord Reginald de GreyChristie, Richard Copley, ed, ''Annales Cestrienses; or, Chronicle of the Abbey of S. Werburg, at Chester'', (The Record Society for the Publication of Original Documents Relating to Lancashire and Cheshire, XIV:1887), 103, e-book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/recordsociety14recouoft/page/102/mode/2up : accessed 6 May, 2022). Latin transcripts on left-hand page, English translation on the right. Until 10 Edward I [20 November 1281-19 November 1282] On 23 October, 1278, "Guncelin de Badelesmere, justice of Chester"A E Bland, BA, and A E Stamp, MA, ed., ''Calendar of the Fine Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol I, Edward I. A.D. 1272—1307'' ed. H C Maxwell Lyte, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911), 101. e-Book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/calendaroffinero01lond/page/101/mode/1up : accessed 14 January, 2023). |- |1282 | Reginald de Grey |16 March, 1295, "Reynold de Grey, justice of Chester"A E Bland, BA, and A E Stamp, MA, ed., ''Calendar of the Fine Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office. Vol I, Edward I. A.D. 1272—1307'' ed. H C Maxwell Lyte, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911), 351. e-Book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/calendaroffinero01lond/page/351/mode/1up : accessed 14 January, 2023). |- |1301 |[[Trussell-42|William Trussell]] |Appointed by Edward Prince of Wales on 12 April, 29 Edward I, at Chester."Accounts of the Chamberlains and other Officers of the County of Chester. 1301-1360", Ed. Ronald Stewart-Brown, MA, (The Record Society for the Publication of Original Documents relating to Lancashire and Cheshire, Vol LIX. NS, 1910.) 13-4, e-book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/stream/recordsocietyfor59reco#page/n9/mode/2up : accessed 13 April, 2022). |- |1312 |Sir Hugh Audelegh |10 Edward II [1317], Hugh DaudeleghHarley Rodney, J G Morris, S R Scargill-Bird, A E Bland, ''Calendar of Inquisitions Micellaneous (Chancery) Preserved in the Public Record Office, Vol II'', (London: 1916), 62, e-book, ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/calendarofinqu02grea/page/61/mode/1up : accessed 13 April, 2022). Abstract No 256. |- |1332 |Sir William de Clinton |Sir William de C(lin)ton, then justiciar of ChesterThe National Archives Website: Discovery: DCH/F*/6, CHOLMONDELEY OF CHOLMONDELEY: HELSBY SECTION, http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/95132c1c-8127-494f-9671-bf696b908194, 5 October 2014. |- |1395 |Roger de Bressey or Brescy |appointed in 1395Peter Turner, comp, "Appendix II: No 1. Welsh Records: Calendar of Recognizance Rolls of the Palatinate of Chester, to the End of the Reign of Henry IV", ''The Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records [13 February 1875]'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1875), 56, e-book ''Internet Archive'' (https://archive.org/details/annualreportdep02offigoog/page/56/mode/1up : accessed 11 April, 2022). |} '''Sources'''

[[Category:Roman Britain]] This is the page of choice for research and links for the period in British history from the invasion of Emperor Claudius (43AD) until the departure of Roman troops and adinistration (c. 410 AD). For the category for the Roman Invasion see: [[:Category: Roman Conquest of Britain|the Roman conquest of Britain]]. For the various indigenous tribes of Britain see: [[:Category: Pre-Norman Britain|Pre-Norman Britain]]. ==Key Dates== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain Wikipedia: Roman Conquest of Britain] *Caesar's invasions (55–54 BCE) *Conquest of Britain (43–76 CE) *Medway *Capture of Camulodunon *Caer Caradoc *Menai *Boudica's uprising (60–61 CE) * Camulodunum *Londinium *Watling Street *Scotch Corner (71 CE) *Mons Graupius (83 CE) *Siege of Burnswark (140 CE) *Caledonia (208–210 CE) *Carausian Revolt (286–296 CE) *Usurpation of Magnentius (350–353 CE) *Carausius II (354–358 CE) *Great Conspiracy (367–368 CE) *Usurpation of Magnus Maximus (383–388 CE) *Stilicho's Pictish War (398 CE) *Usurpation of Marcus (406–407 CE) *Usurpation of Gratian (407 CE) *Usurpation of Constantine III (407–411 CE) ==Sources==

[[Category:Siluria]] See [[:Category:Siluria|for associated profiles]] ==The Place== '''Siluria''' is an informal term often seen in popular genealogies referring to the geographic area of today's southeast Wales occupied by the tribal Silures during the period of Roman rule . There was no actual political entity called "Siluria". "Most archaeologists believe that the people who became known as the Silures were a loose network of groups with some shared cultural values, rather than a centralised society. Although the most obvious physical remains of the Silures are hillforts such as those at Llanmelin and Sudbrook, there is also archaeological evidence of roundhouses at Gwehelog, Thornwell (Chepstow) and elsewhere, and evidence of lowland occupation notably at Goldcliff." Miranda Aldhouse-Green and Ray Howell (eds.), Gwent In Prehistory and Early History: The Gwent County History Vol.1, 2004, ISBN 0-7083-1826-6 Cited by Wikipedia. The Silures were a Celtic tribe which settled around, the modern terms, Swansea (Abertawe), Neath Port Talbot (Castell-Nedd Port Talbot), Bridgend (Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr), the Vale of Glamorgan (Bro Morgannwg), Merthyr Tydfil (Merthyr Tudful), Cardiff (Caerdydd or Caerdyf), Caerphilly (Caerffiu), Newport (Casnewydd), Torfaen (Tor-Faen), and Blaenau Gwent. The boudaries are not precise and their lands may have extended into southern Powys. According to the authority of cadair, or the bardic chair, of Morganwg, they extended over the present Morganwg, including the commot of Garthmathrin, or Brecon, Gwent, or Monmouthshire, and Ergyng, Euas, and '''Ystrad Yw''', partly in Herefordshire, and partly in Breconshire. “… ancient Siluria was a land of boggy uplands, wooded slopes and narrow valleys and plains, where arable was limited and most land was pasture or wilderness. It was a rougher, harder, more impoverished land, and its people, skilled in war, were doubtless accustomed, like the borderers of later ages, to supplement their meagre incomes by rustling thier neighbour’s’ cattle, carting off their corn-stocks, and abducting their children as farm-hands. …” (Niel Faulkner The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain p.37/8) Other Information The rocks which formed in the third period of the Palaeozoic era, between the Ordovician¹ and Devonian, are known by modern geologists as Silurian, because outcrops of this geological period occurred in the mountains of south-east Wales, which were the ancient territories of the Silures tribe. The Silurian period lasted 40 million years, during which time, fish first appeared in the oceans of Earth. Named after the Ordovices tribe of North Wales, where outcrops of rock from this earlier period occur. '''Hillforts and Rivers''' Geographia of Ptolemy (II.ii) Their hillforts, like those of thier western neighbours the Demetae, show influences of south-west England. Their neighbours to the north were the Ordovices of Central Wales, while to the east lay the Dobunni. Other passages in Ptolemy Book II Chapter 2 give the ancient names of a number of rivers within the territories of the Silures tribe: Leuca Fluvius (River Loughor) Possibly marked the western border of the tribe with their neighbours the Demetae. There was a Roman fort sited on the east bank near it’s mouth, likewise named Leucarum (Loughor, West Glamorgan). Aventio Fluvius (Afon Ewenny) empties into the Bristol Channel near Porthcawl. Isca Fluvius (River Usk) Flows roughly southwards through the eastern part of the canton, upon which the legionary fortress at Isca was situated, also it’s precursor further upstream at Usk. Sabrina Fluvius (River Severn) Forms a natural barrier to the south and east of the canton, between the Silures and the Dobunni. The Civitas Silurum The Principal Tribal Centre Caerwent (Venta Silurum) Undoubtedly the civitas capital of the Silures, attested on a stone altar, ‘the Civitas Silurum Stone’, now on display in the portico of Caerwent Church. '''Venta Silurum / Caerwent''' The town of Venta Silurum (Caerwent, six miles west of Chepstow) was established in AD 75. It became a Romanized town, not unlike Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), but smaller. Haverfield, Francis John (1911). "Silures" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109. Cited by Wikipedia. An inscription shows that, under the Roman Empire, it was the capital of the Silures, whose ordo (local council) provided local government for the district. Its massive Roman walls still survive, and excavations have revealed a forum, a temple, baths, amphitheatre, shops, and many comfortable houses with mosaic floors, etc. In the late 1st and early 2nd centuries, the Silures were given some nominal independence and responsibility for local administration. As was standard practice, as revealed by inscriptions, the Romans matched their deities with local Silurian ones, and the local deity Ocelus was identified with Mars, the Roman god of war. Miranda Aldhouse-Green and Ray Howell (eds.), Gwent In Prehistory and Early History: The Gwent County History Vol.1, 2004, ISBN 0-7083-1826-6 Cited by Wikipedia. Other Places of Interest Llanmelin Wood Camp – Iron Age camp just north of Caerwent, may have been the pre-Roman tribal centre of the Silures. Machen (Gwent) – Settlement associated with the nearby lead mines, probably under military control. Redwick (Gwent) – A small settlement on the Severn estuary, south-east of Caerwent. Blestium (Monmouth)? – Mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary, was probably a fort established in the centre of the iron mining district. Cardiff (Tamion?)(Glamorgan) – A vicus settlement grew here, outside the Roman fort. Caerleon (Isca Silurum) (Caerleon, Gwent) – A very large settlement or canabae, was attached to the fortress of the The Second Augustan Legion (Legio Secundae Augusta). Industries There are a few Romanized farm buildings in the immediate area of Caerwent. Notable villas have been discovered at Ely (Cardiff) Roman Villa , further west at Llantwit Major Villa, and at Maesderwen (Llanfrynach) Roman Site, which included a large bath-house with elaborate fish mosaics. The Iron Mines around Monmouth and the Forest of Dean, even though they likely lay in the lands of the Silures, were actually administered from Ariconium (Weston under Penyard) in the neighbouring territories of the Dobunni. “… the camp in Llanmelin Wood may have been the [pre-Roman] tribal centre of the Silures, but the choice of Caerwent for the cantonal capital of Venta Silurum may also have been influenced by its relationship to the Severn ferry. …” (A.L.F. Rivet Town and Country in Roman Britain p.74) Caerwent seems to have continued in use in the post-Roman period as a religious centre. The territory of the Silures later developed as the 5th-century Welsh kingdoms of Gwent, Brycheiniog, and Gwynllŵg. Some theories concerning King Arthur make him a leader in this area. There is evidence of cultural continuity throughout the Roman period, from the Silures to the kingdom of Gwent in particular, as shown by leaders of Gwent using the name "Caradoc" in remembrance of the British hero Caratacus. '''Bulleaum''' “More toward the east are the Silures whose town is Bullaeum 16*50 55°00.” The Tribal Πολις Assigned by Ptolemy Usk (Burrium)– The only polis ascribed to the tribe by Ptolemy, where it appears as Bullaeum. There was a large fortress here, which was no-doubt accompanied by a vicus settlement. '''Monuments''' There is a cluster of Neolithic and Bronze-Age monuments on the Gower Peninsula which may represent the original tribal homelands, but It would appear that the Iron-Age is not very well represented in Siluria. This is perhaps due to the tribespeople leading an almost wholly pastoral lifestyle, having no permanent stone-built dwellings, and preferring to live in make-shift temporary structures which have left very little archaeological evidence. Their aceramic (pottery-free) culture suggests that they survived mainly off the rich flora and fauna of woodland and marsh in a somewhat carefree hunter-gatherer type of lifestyle. ==The People== "The Roman writer Cornelius Tacitus provides us with a racial description of ...the Silures":

“… the swarthy faces of the Silures, the curly quality, in general, of their hair, and the position of Spain opposite their shores, attest the passage of Iberians in old days and the occupation by them of these districts; …” Tacitus Annales Xi.ii, translated by M. Hutton. Cited by Wikipedia

Due to their appearance, Tacitus believed they had crossed over from Spain at an earlier date. Modern genetic studies have shown a genetic similarity between some Irish and Welsh and the Basques of northern Spain. '''Ferocity''' The Silures were a powerful and warlike iron-age tribe or tribal confederation located in southern Wales. Roman Britain. [https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/silures/#:~:text=The%20Silures%20were%20a%20powerful,confederation%20located%20in%20southern%20Wales. Silures Celtic Tribe] Accessed 16 July 2023 [[Day-1904|jhd]] The tribal name Silures, may itself be of Latin derivation, meaning simply ‘the people of the Rocks’, alluding to the mountainous region in which they lived. We suggest Tacitus used the word to mean "men of the rocks", that is "mountain men"....literally all the inhabitants of what is now Wales Possibly excluding the Cornovii tribe lands. Although their lands later included much of the east-central part of Wales, they may have mainly occupied only the fertile Severn valley in the days of Tacitus. Wolcott note. His account continues: "The natural ferocity of the inhabitants was intensified by their belief in the prowess of Caratacus, whose many undefeated battles - and even many victories - had made him pre-eminent among British chieftans.This was Caradog ap Bran ap Llyr Llediath of Wales, not the Caraticus son of Cunobelinus of the Catuvellauni tribe. The latter man opposed the original invasion of Claudius and was soundly defeated, while the Welshman of similar name is described as being undefeated in battles when he faced the Romans in AD 51. Most English historians conflate the two men since they both lived in the mid-1st century.Wolcott note. His deficiency in strength was compensated by superior cunning and topographical knowledge. Transferring the war to the country of the Ordovices...." The Silures (UK: /saɪˈlʊəriːz/ sy-LUURR-eez, US: /ˈsɪljəriːz/ SIL-yər-eez) Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. Cited by Wikipedia. were a powerful and warlike tribe or tribal confederation of ancient Britain, Haverfield, Francis John (1911). "Silures" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 109. Cited by Wikipedia. occupying what is now south east Wales and perhaps some adjoining areas. After reporting that the Brigante uprising was quelled, Tacitus continues: "But neither sternness nor leniency prevented the Silures from fighting. To suppress them, a brigade garrison had to be established. In order to facilitate the displacement of troops westward to man it, a strong settlement of ex-soldiers was established on conquered land at Camulodunum. Its mission was to protect the country against revolt and familiarize the provincals with law-abiding government. Next Ostorius invaded Silurian territory." '''Neighbors''' They were bordered to the north by the Ordovices; to the east by the Dobunni; and to the west by the Demetae. [[Wikipedia:Silures]] Accessed 24 August 2023 [[Day-1904|jhd]] Historians and geographers uniformly locate the Celtic-speaking tribe of Silures on the north shore of the Bristol Channel, in what is now called Glamorgan and Monmouthshire...the former kingdoms of Glywysing and Gwent. Darrell Wolcott. ''Ancient Wales Studies'' [http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id132.html The Lands of the Silures] Accessed 16 July 2023 [[Day-1904|jhd]] The second century geographer, Ptolemy of Alexandria, drew rough maps of Britain on which he labeled southeast Wales as "Silures" and much of the lands north of them as "Ordovices". He said the "Demetae" were located "west of the Silures". "The Roman army then struck against the Decangi [see Appendix], ravaging their territory and collecting extensive booty. The enemy did not venture upon an open engagement and, when they tried to ambush the column, suffered for their trickery. Ostorius had nearly reached the sea facing Ireland when a rising by the Brigantes recalled him." ==The Events and Leaders== The lands of the Silures is known from around 800 BCE. Archaeological sites around Caerau near Cardiff contains evidence of early users of Iron Age materials. Whether this is are part of the second wave of Celtic expansion that is sweeping outwards from the south-east by this time, or of native pre-Indo-Europeans is unclear. The term "Silurian" Reference is occasionally made to this period of Celtic history by the use of terms such as "Silurian". The poet Henry Vaughan called himself a "Silurist", by virtue of his roots in South Wales. The geological period Silurian was first described by Roderick Murchison in rocks located in the original lands of the Silures, hence the name. That period postdates the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, whose names are also derived from ancient Wales. ===30 BCE Bran Fendigaid=== Their original rulers are found in semi-mythical Celtic folklore. However the first named on record is claimed as a son of High King Bran Fendigaid who appears in the late first century BC. The tribe was never encountered during the First Roman Invasion and are only really noticed when Caratacus, deposed ruler of the Catuvellauni, provided leadership for the western tribes in opposing the Roman conquest of the mid-first century AD. ===22 Alan ap Bran=== c. 22 CE. '''Alan ap Bran''', brother of Caradoc ap Bran. Appears as King of [[:Category: Ewyas|Ewyas]]. He is followed by his brother. ===24 Sadwr ap Bran=== c. 24 CE. '''Sadwr ap Bran'''. Nothing is heard until the 2nd Roman Invasion. ===47 Publius Ostorius Scapula=== Publius Ostorius Scapula, legate in Britain from 47AD, had died of natural causes while on campaign against the Silures in 51. Emperor Claudius. Probably the Legio Vicesimae Valeria Victrix (The Twentieth Legion, Valiant and Victorious), recently removed from Colchester(Camulodunum). The attack may have been inflicted upon the legion whilst building the vexillation fortress at Clyro in Powys. The attentions of Gallus were drawn away from the Silures in south Wales by an uprising among the Brigantes tribe of northern England. The Brigantian ruling dynasty was in uproar, and as a client of Rome, queen Cartimandua called upon her allies to support her cause in the civil war between her own clan and factions loyal to her estranged husband, Venutius, who were presumably still unhappy with her earlier betrayal of Caratacus. The Silures were not subdued, however, and waged effective guerrilla warfare against the Roman forces. Ostorius had announced that they posed such a danger that they should be either exterminated or transplanted. His threats only increased the Silures' determination to resist. They surrounded and attacked a large legionary force occupied in building Roman forts in their territory; it was rescued by others only with difficulty and considerable loss. The Silures also took Roman prisoners as hostages and distributed them amongst their neighbouring tribes in order to bind them together and encourage resistance. Ostorius died with the Silures still unconquered. After his death, they defeated the Second Legion. It remains unclear whether the Silures were militarily defeated or simply agreed to come to terms, but Roman sources suggest rather opaquely that they were eventually subdued by Sextus Julius Frontinus in a series of campaigns ending about AD 78. The Roman Tacitus wrote of the Silures: non atrocitate, non clementia mutabatur – the tribe "was changed neither by cruelty nor by clemency". Romanization To aid the Roman administration in keeping down local opposition, a legionary fortress (Isca, later Caerleon) was planted in the midst of tribal territory. The Silurian Campaigns of Rome Attacked by Ostorius Scapula for harbouring Caratacus 48/49AD Following the short-lived uprisings of the Iceni and the Brigantes in 47, the new governor of Britain, Ostorius Scapula, turned his attention to the Silures. “… neither severity nor clemency converted the Silures tribe, which continued the struggle and had to be repressed by the establishment of a legionary camp. …” Tacitus Annales xii.32 Seemingly, the bulk of Legio XX Valeria was moved from its base at Colchester in Essex into a new legionary fortress at Kingsholm near Gloucester; to enable the movement of the legion west, and not to leave the east of Britain undefended, a Colonia of veteran soldiers was established at Camulodunum within the confines of the old fortress recently evacuated by the Twentieth Legion. “The march then proceeded against the Silures, whose native boldness was heightened by their confidence in the prowess of Caratacus; …” Tacitus Annales xii.33 We now learn the reason for Ostorius’ interest in the Silures; Caratacus, the fugitive leader of the British forces opposed to the original Roman landing in Kent in 43, had found sanctuary among the hills of south-east Wales. The lands of the Silures were spared the full might of Roman arms in this particular campaign, for according to Tacitus, Caratacus now moved his camp to Snowdonia. “… on this occasion, favoured by the treacherous character of the country, though inferior in military strength, he [Caratacus] astutely shifted the seat of war to the territory of the Ordovices: where, after being joined by all who feared a Roman peace, he put the final chance to trial. …” Tacitus Annales xii.33 There was, no doubt, a significant Silurian presence among the army of Caratacus which were subsequently beaten in pitched battle by Ostorius Scapula somewhere in Ordovician territory in 50AD. The site of this famous battle has, to this day, never been identified. After his defeat in Wales, Caratacus escaped through the lands of the Deceangi in north-eastern Wales and had sought refuge amongst the Brigantes in northern England. Queen Cartimandua, however, in accordance with her agreement as a client of Rome, infamously ordered him bound in chains and handed over to the Roman governor Ostorius. For his part in the capture of the renegade British king, Scapula was awarded the ‘triumphal insignia’, which had in the time of the emperors, replaced the full-blown triumphal procession through the streets of Rome, which was the norm in more liberal republican times. Following the removal of Caratacus from Britain, the attentions of Rome were brought to bear upon the Silures, who were themselves to keep the next three governors of the province particularly busy. The Further Campaigns of Ostorius Scapula 51/52AD ” (Tacitus Annales xii.38-39) ===47 Caratacus of the Catuvellauni=== The first historical record is associated with Caradoc, or Caratacus, a son of High King Bran Fendigaid. ===0 Caradoc Ap Bran=== c. 30 BCE. '''Caradoc ap Bran / Caratacus'''. When his father, Bran, sails with his host to face Matholug, king of Ireland, it is Caradoc who is left in command of the chieftains of the land. 47 CE. Following the campaign by Roman Governor Ostorius, against the Deceangli, Caratacus, former king of the Catuvellauni, still apparently recognised as High King, re-emerges to lead the Silures against Rome. It is not known where he had been or what he had done in he interim. Evidence suggests he may have been in the anti-Roman part of the Dobunni lands, at the Bulwarks stronghold in modern Gloucestershire. 47 - 49. Caratacus, High King. Former king of the Catuvellauni & Cantii. The confrontation with the Romans led to the Roman occupation of the tribal lands. Caractacus drew a significant number of tribes into a confederacy against the Romans. The site of the large-scale battle between the Britons and the Romans is unknown, other than that it lies somewhere on the Severn. Roman tactics and equipment produce an overwhelming superiority against the Britons. 52. After the defeat the Silures fight on creating havoc with the Romans. Roman records suggest that a trapped unit of legionaries suffer the loss of the prefect and eight centurions and evidence suggests the defeat of an entire legion, possibly XX Valeria Victrix, which forces Rome to appoint Aulus Didius Gallus, who manages to bring the situation under control. c. 55 CE. It is about this time in history, likely because the Silures continue the fight against the Romans, that many of the "High Kings" appointed by the Celtic Kings, now appear in the west. Previously the title had generally fallen on the King of the Catuvellauni who had been completely defeated. 61. During the [[:Category: Boudica's Uprising|Iceni-led revolt in the east]], the Silures, Ordovices, Dobunni, and perhaps the Durotriges are pinned down by the Roman Second Legion and are unable to join Boudicca. ===48 Caratacus of the Catuvellauni=== Fierce resistance to Roman forces The Silures fiercely resisted Roman conquest about AD 48, with the assistance of Caratacus, a military leader and prince of the Catuvellauni, who had fled from further east after his own tribe was defeated. The first attack on the Welsh tribes was by the legate Publius Ostorius Scapula about AD 48. Ostorius first attacked the Deceangli in the north-east of what is now Wales, however little else is known or recorded of this conflict. He spent several years campaigning against the Silures and the Ordovices. Their resistance was led by Caratacus, who had fled from the south-east (of what is now England) when it was conquered by the Romans. He first led the Silures, then moved to the territory of the Ordovices, where he was defeated by Ostorius in AD 51. Pedigree evidence indicates that direct male descendants of Caraticus held extensive lands along all three coasts of Wales in the 3rd and 4th centuries, and we posit that this extended family ruled the whole of Wales except for the eastern-central lands held by the Cornovii tribe...both before the Romans came and after they left some 400 years later. We further think they had lavish personal manors at several places along the coast which the Romans converted into forts, including Segontium and Caerleon. ===52 Aulus Didius Gallus=== The Campaigns of Aulus Didius Gallus 52-57AD “On recieving news of the legate’s¹ death, the Caesar,² not to leave the province without a governor, appointed Aulus Didius to the vacancy. In spite of a rapid crossing, he found matters deteriorated, as the legion³ under Manlius Valens had been defeated in the interval. … In this case, again, the loss had been inflicted by the Silures, and they carried their forays far and wide, until repelled by the advent of Didius. …” (Tacitus Annales xii.40) ===57 Quintus Veranius=== The Campaigns of Quintus Veranius 57/58AD The intrigues of the Brigantian court were seemingly to keep Gallus occupied for much of the remainder of his tenure as governor of Britain, for no further operations against the Silures were made until the advent of the next governor, Quintus Veranius. “… Veranius, after harrying the Silures in a few raids of no great significance, was prevented by death from carrying his arms further. …” ===Suetonius Paulinus=== Tacitus Annales xiv.29 With the premature death of Veranius, the Silures were again given respite from the military advances of Rome. When the next governor Suetonius Paulinus came to Britain, although his plans very likely included an extensive campaign against the Silures, luck was with the tribe once more, for as soon as Paulinus started his campaigns in Wales with an attack upon the so-called “druid stronghold of Anglesea”, the rebellion of Queen Boudicca of the Iceni forced him to cut short his anti-Cymric activities and race eastwards in order to save the province. ===74 Marius/Meurig=== 74 - 125. '''[[Britain-34|Marius / Meric/ Merius / Meurig]]''', Son of Arviragus of the Brigantes. Appears as High King. Although possibly a legendary charater he appears during the occupation by Sextus Julius Frontinus. Frontinus uses the Second Augusta Legion to pacify the Silures. A new legionary fortress is constructed at Isca (Caerleon) as part of the process of conquering the tribe, and a portThis port was only rediscovered by archaeologists in 2011 and lies on the banks of the River Usk just north of the modern city of Newport is built nearby so that troops can be landed in the heart of Silures territory. The Twentieth Legion is transferred to Isca from Glevum. The movement of the tribal centre of the Silures from their fortress at Llanmelin Wood to a new Roman town at Caerwent (later capital of Ewyas) is also thought to take place under Frontinus' governorship. More military forts are constructed at Caerdyf (modern Cardiff) and Leucarum (modern Loughor on the river of the same name ) in AD 75. ===76 Julius Frontinus=== Finally subdued by Julius Frontinus c.76AD This and further calamities, both in Britain, on the continent and in Rome itself, saved the Silures from further harrassment for almost two decades, until the arrival of governor Sextus Julius Frontinus c.76AD. “… Julius Frontinus was, so far as a subject of the emperor could be, a great man, and he shouldered and sustained the burden cast on him: his arms reduced the Silures, a powerful and warlike race; he surmounted not only the valour of the enemy but also the physical difficulties of their land.” (Tacitus Agricola xvii.2) ===125 Coilus/Coel=== 125 - 154: '''Coilus / Coel'''. A son of Marius. He was raised in Rome to a young adult and appears as High King of the tribes although likely as a puppet to the [[:Category: Damnonii|Damnonii]]. ===154 Lucius/Llewrug Mawr=== c. 154 - c. 180. '''Lucius / Llewrug Mawr'''. He appears as King of the Silures and High King, although his latter status is unclear. He wrote to Pope Eleutherius of the Roman Church to become a Christian. Geoffrey of Monmouth suggests he died, without heir, c. 156 and that his fortress was at Caer Gloui (likely modern day Gloucester). A legend suggests that he is responsible for introducing Christianity into Britain but there is confusion on whether this was Lucius Aelius Megas Abgar IX, Roman client king of Osroene (in Mesopotamia). After his death the tribe becomes incorporated into the Kingdom of [[:Category: Ewyas|Ewyas]] While the following is merely our own conjecture, we suggest that by the year 250AD the ruling family had divided their lands into four quadrants, each ruled by a different family branch. In the northwest was Cernyw, so named for the "horn" formed by the Llyn peninsula. Its royal residence was at Segontium and its lands extended east to the Conwy and south to the Dyfi. The island of Mon was given over to the Druids but the rest was later to be called Gwynedd is Conwy. Its first king was Eudaf Hen, born c. 230. We have elsewhere See the paper "Beli Mawr and Llyr Llediath in Welsh Pedigrees" at the link below: http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id145.htmlWolcott note. mentioned the ancestor of this family, a seafarer known as Llyr Llediath "the man of the seas who spoke with a foreign accent". This man, we think, had his ancestry with the Menapii Celts found both in Spain and Ireland and reknown as seamen plying the trade routes between continental Europe and the British Isles. ===235 Gereint 235 Gereent ap Einudd Directly to the east was the kingdom of Llydaw, extending from the Conwy to the Dee and bordering Cornovii lands on the south and east. Men from this kingdom were recruited by Emperor Maximianus Herculius for his Gaul campaign in the late 3rd century and rewarded with lands in Brittany which they named after their Welsh birthplace. Its first king was Gereint ap Einudd of c. 235, a brother of Eudaf Hen. The southwest quadrant was called Demetae, comprising what was later known as Dyfed and Ystrad Tywy. It was ruled from Menevia by Caradog ap Einudd of c. 220, an older half-brother of Eudaf Hen and Geraint. His lands originally included the peninsula of Cornwall across the Bristol Channel, the source of tin for most of the European world. Some early writers called Cornwall "Cernyw" due to its horn shape, but the Cernyw or "Gorneu" of Welsh history was Llyn and the lands around it. The final kingdom lay to the east and directly south of the Cornovii lands later called Powys, encompassing what we now call Glamorgan, Gwent and Brychieniog. It was called Dumnonia and originally included much of Devon and Somerset across the Bristol Channel. It was first ruled by Arthfael ap Einudd, the uterine brother of Eudaf Hen and Gereint and ancestor of the Gwent dynasty. ==Sources== See also: References for The Silures *The Geography of Claudius Ptolemaeus, trans. by E.L. Stevenson (Dover, New York, 1991); Atlas of Great Britain by the Ordnance Survey (Country Life, 1982); Historical Map and Guide: Roman Britain by the OS (4th Ed., 1990); *[http://www.legendoflewis.com/Wales.htm Legend of Lewis], Ancient Wales * [http://books.google.com/books?id=18xKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Ystrad,+ancient+Siluria&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 The Cambrian Journal] * Darrell Wolcott, [http://www.legendoflewis.com/Wales.htm Legend of Lewis] *https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainSilures.htm *https://www.ldolphin.org/cooper/ch5.html *https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/silures/#:~:text=The%20Silures%20were%20a%20powerful,confederation%20located%20in%20southern%20Wales. *https://books.google.com/books?id=18xKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Ystrad,+ancient+Siluria&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1

[[Category: Source-a-Thon]][[Category:Challenges Teams]] Welcome to the Team GB-Gen page!
(Make sure you refer to it as Team GB-Gen - "Team GB" is actually a trademark covered by copyright!) {{Image|file=RNH_Images-9.png |align=r |size=m }} Source-a-Thon 2018: '''Friday, September 28 - Monday, October 1 (8am-8am ET, which is 1pm-1pm BST)''' — the start of Family History Month — is our third annual "Source-a-Thon". This three-day event is for a good cause (sourced genealogy!) and there will be over $3500 (£2600) in door prizes donated from around the genealogy community. It will be lots of fun.
If you haven't participated in one of these before - it's where we focus on Unsourced profiles, research them, and add sources (and then remove the {{Unsourced}} tag!). Here is the [[Help:Source-a-Thon|Help page]] all about it. Team GB-Gen covers the countries of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Eire. '''{{Red|Sign Up Here!}}''' https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/677899/have-you-registered-for-the-source-a-thon-yet-3 {{Red|Win prizes!}} {{Red|Attend Hangouts!}} [[Source-a-Thon_Hangouts|Schedule]] Our '''{{Red|2018 G2G chat}}''' is here: https://www.wikitree.com/g2g/670522/team-gb-gen-source-a-thon-2018-chat =='''{{Red|Source-a-Thon 2018 Team Members: Team GB-Gen}}'''== {| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="6" style="font-style:Monotype Corsiva; font-size:100%; text-align: center; background:White; border: 8px Double Darkblue;" |- ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |'''Name''' ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |'''Badge #''' |-Haywood-41 | 1 |'''[[Haywood-41|Ros Haywood]]'''
Team Captain |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-28.png |size=150 }} |- |2 |[[Curnick-42|Michelle Wilkes]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-54.png |size=100 }} |- |3 |[[Mason-10934|Sarah Mason]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-56.png |size=100 }} |- |4 |[[Hooper-5196|Jules Charman]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-58.png |size=100 }} |- |5 |[[Templeton-1883|Sheena Tait]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-59.png |size=100 }} |- |6 |[[Cameron-5666|Peter Cameron]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-61.png |size=100 }} |- |7 |[[Kelleher-53|Lucy Lavelle]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-62.png |size=100 }} |- |8 |[[Mason-8493|Shelagh Mason-Ebenal]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-63.png |size=100 }} |- |9 |[[Lear-405|T Lear]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-65.png |size=100 }} |- |10 |[[Cottrell-943|Jason Cottrell]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-67.png |size=100 }} |- |11 |[[Mulligan-986|Peter Mulligan]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-68.png |size=100 }} |- |12 |[[Hobbs-1709|Lesley Scott]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-69.png |size=100 }} |- |13 |[[DeFoe-76|Susan DeFoe]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-70.png |size=100 }} |- |14 |[[Woodgate-122|PattyK]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-72.png |size=100 }} |- |15 |[[Rice-9801|Geoff Rice]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-73.png |size=100 }} |- |16 |[[Kerr-1312|Valerie Kerr]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-75.png |size=100 }} |- |17 |[[Spencer-11867|Colin Spencer]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-76.png |size=100 }} |- |18 |[[Margeson-103|Constance C Scanlon]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-77.png |size=100 }} |- |19 |[[Urquhart-93|David Urquhart]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-78.png |size=100 }} |- |20 |[[Griffith-516|Addison Griffith]] |{{Image|file=RNH_Images-79.png |size=100 }} |- |} ===How to Find an Unsourced Profile=== {{Automated:DD_Unsourced_List_GBR}} {{Automated:DD_Unsourced_List_ENG}} {{Automated:DD Unsourced List WAL}} {{Automated:DD_Unsourced_List_SCT}} {{Automated:DD_Unsourced_List_IRL}} ===Which sources should I use?=== Valid sources include census records, BMD records/index references, military documents, land documents, wills, etc. A source cannot be another family tree, such as Geni or an Ancestry Member Tree. ==='''How Do I Record This?'''=== So, you go to Team GB-Gen's page, and scroll down past the list of team members, until you come to the tables. You choose where you want to work, and click on it, and it will provide a whole host of unsourced profiles for this country. You choose one to work on, click on its name (it opens in a new window), go through to the profile, do your research, add a source, remove {{Unsourced}}, and save. Then you click on the dark green 'Challenge Tracker' button within the green banner at the top, put a tick in the Source-a-Thon 2018 (please don't yet, until we actually start!) choose one of the 'Comment hints' that will appear on the right, then click the 'Add Action' button. This will give you a point, and will record that you did it and what you did. Go back to the first window, which was the Search window, and choose another profile. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbhcrvsoUVU&feature=youtu.be Helpful How-To Video] ==Some resources for you to use == * [http://www.freebmd.org.uk FreeBMD] – free * [http://www.freecen.org.uk FreeCEN] – free * [http://www.freereg.org.uk FreeREG] – free * [http://www.familysearch.org FamilySearch]] (NOT user-submitted trees) – free * [http://www.ancestry.co.uk Ancestry] (NOT user-submitted trees) – pay * [http://www.findmypast.co.uk FindMyPast] – pay * [http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk ScotlandsPeople] – free and pay * [https://geni.nidirect.gov.uk/ GRO Northern Ireland] - free and pay * [https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/proni PRO Northern Ireland] * [https://www.irishgenealogy.ie/en/ Irish Genealogy] * [http://www.rootsireland.ie/ RootsIreland] ==Pre-Thon Questions?== ===Why "Team GB-Gen"?=== Our Olympic athletes belong to Team GB - so it seemed natural to be called Team GB-Gen. Let's put forth an Olympic effort! ===Do I Have To Live In The UK?=== No. You can live anywhere in the world; just focus your efforts on GB profiles. ===Which Countries/Counties Can I Work On?=== You can work on any counties within any of the countries contained within Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Eire. ===Which Profiles Can I Work On?=== All profiles improved '''must''' come from the Unsourced categories '''or be already present''' on WikiTree and unsourced - you cannot create new profiles and add sources just to up your tally. The hope and goal is to improve the numbers already on WikiTree that need sources. ---- [https://plus.wikitree.com/function/WTChallengesScores/Scores.htm?code=SourceaThon2017&Type=4 Number of Profiles by Team] [https://plus.wikitree.com/function/WTChallengesScores/Scores.htm?code=SourceaThon2017&Type=0 Number of Profiles by User] More detailed tracking is on the [[Help:Source-a-Thon#Tracking|Source-a-Thon Help Page]] Click here for a schedule of the [[Help:Spring_Clean-a-Thon/Video_Chats|Video Chats]]! T-shirt prizes will be awarded during these videos and posted in G2G. Link to [[Help:Spring_Clean-a-Thon#Tracking_progress|Tally Tracking]] - progress reports are up to 5 minutes old =='''{{Red|Clean-a-Thon 2018 Team Members: Team GB-Gen}}'''== {| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="6" style="font-style:Monotype Corsiva; font-size:100%; text-align: center; background:White; border: none" |- ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |'''Name''' ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |'''Top Priority''' |-Haywood-41 | 1 |'''[[Haywood-41|Ros Haywood]]'''
Team Captain | '''Pre-1500''', Cornwall, Devon, Somerset |- |2 |[[Kelleher-53|Lucy Lavelle]] | |- |3 |[[Perry-12354|Neil Perry]] | |- |4 |[[Devlin-670|Richard Devlin]] |Northern Ireland, Eire |- |5 |[[Alexander-9260|J Alexander]] |Northern Ireland, Eire |- |6 |[[Burke-4440|Deborah Smith]] | |- |7 |[[Templeton-1883|Sheena Tait]] |Scotland |- |8 |[[MacDonald-7289|Colin MacDonald]] | |- |9 |[[Lemke-295|Robin Fehser]] | |- |10 |[[Cameron-5666|Peter Cameron]] | |- |11 |[[Toplis-17|Paul Toplis]] | |- |12 |[[Hoolihan-104|Leigh Murrin]] |UK, Ireland |- |13 |[[Woodgate-122|Patty Keffer]] | |- |14 |[[Martinez-2330|Jim Martinez]] | |- |15 |[[Partridge-1859|Stewart Partridge]] | |- |16 |[[Revers-1|Shannon Hogsett]] | |- |17 |[[Fitz-Henry-9|Jo Fitz-Henry]] |England, Ireland |- |18 |[[Macbryde-1|Bruce Macbryde]] | |}

[[Category:Trinovantes]] {{Image|file=Resources_for_Ancient_Britain-5.png |align=r |size=m }} ==Trinovantes== {{Image|file=Resources_for_Ancient_Britain-1.png |align=r |size=m }} The Trinovantes (also known as the Trinobates) were one of the Celtic people known as Celtic Britons, or Insular Celts, who migrated to pre-Roman Britain from the Belgic tribes of northeastern Gaul. Some scholars suggest that their name was derived from the word for "Newcomers", others that their name means 'The Vigorous People'. They occupied the northern side of the Thames estuary and were bordered to the north by the [[:Category: Iceni|Iceni]], to the west by the [[:Category: Catuvellauni|Catuvellauni]] and to the east by the North Sea. This area comprises the present day counties of Essex and most of southern Suffolk. During the first Roman Invasion of Britain (55 BC), Julius Caesar regarded them as the most powerful tribe in Britain with capital city as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppidum Camulodunum] (now Colchester). [[Wikipedia: Camulodunum|Camulodunum]] Unfortunately, the Celts did not leave written records. Their history was passed from generation to generation through memorized oral traditions; thus, we have very few written sources to draw from. The first mention of the Trinovantes in history was in Caesar's records of his second invasion (54 BC) where they are the first of the tribes to be mentioned. The Trinovantes disappeared from history after Boudica's failed revolt in 61 AD. ===Culture=== The Trinovantes produced their own coins, used cups and plates, cremated their dead, and fought battles from chariots; which identifies them with the Aylesford-Swarling culture. ===Known Rulers of the Trinovantes=== There is no complete list of the Trinovantes rulers due to the absence of Celtic written records. ::{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ '''Rulers of the Trinovantes''' |- ! scope="col" width="100px" | From ! scope="col" width="100px" | Until ! scope="col" width="100px" | Ruler's Name ! scope="col" width="200px" | Comments |- |circa 60 BC||circa 54 BC || Inamnuetoutos|| |- | circa 54 BC|| circa 50 BC || Mandubracius|| |- | circa 25 BC || circa 5 BC|| Addedomaros|| |- |circa 25 BC || circa 10 AD || Dubnovellaunus|| |- | circa 8 AD ||circa 41 AD || Cunobelinus||also ruler of the Catuvellauni and Cantici |- |circa 40 AD ||circa 43 AD || Togodumnus|| |- | circa 35 AD || circa 43 AD || Agr || |- |circa 35 AD || circa 43 AD||Dubn|| |- | circa 50 AD ||||Arviragus|| possibly a mythical ruler |} ===Timeline of Events=== '''55-54 BCE''': Julius Caesar regards the Trinovantes as the strongest tribe in the region. The Trinovantes appear to have been one of only two tribes to obey Caesar's command to send him tribute and hostages after his departure. Manuscripts of Caesar's Gallic War refers to the king of the Trinovantes as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanuentius Imanuentius]. '''c. 5 AD''': ''Dumnovellaunos'', the King, apparently travels to Rome. He was a son of Addedomaros (or Addedumaros). He was also king of the Cantii (15 BC-5 AD). Claimed the title as [[:Category: Kings of the Britons|High King of Briton]]. '''5 AD''': ''Diras'' is known from coin evidence. It is possible he was a successor to Dumnovellaunos (it's not known whether he was legitimate or a usurper), but scholars can't even be sure whether he is of the Trinovantes or the [[:Category: Catuvellauni|Catuvellauni]]. He is known from a horde of coin uncovered in Kent in 2006. '''c. 9 AD''': It appears that after the Romans are defeated in 9 AD by Germanic tribes in the Teutoberg Forest of Saxony, the Trinovantes are defeated by the Catuvellauni and become a subject state to the them. '''c. 9 AD-43 AD''': ''Cunobelinus'' or ''Cunobelin'', sometimes ''Cymbeline''. Ruler of the [[:Category: Catuvellauni|Catuvellauni]] becomes High King in 10 AD through conquest while the Roman empire is distracted in Germany. His expansion of territory ultimately resulted in the Roman conquest of 43 AD. At this point the Trinovantes independence is lost. Cunobelinus had at least three sons. Togodumnus (possibly the eldest), rules the Catuvellauni, but not necessarily the Trinovantes. Another son, Adminius of the Cantii, is expelled around 39 AD or 40 AD, and is not known to return; the basis for the expulsion may relate to a power-grab by Togodumnus and another brother, Caratacus. '''43 AD''': The Romans conquer the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes under Governor Aulus Plautius and Emperor Claudius himself. The Romans then disperse the tribes and their lands are lost to them. The capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester) becomes the Roman capital until AD 61 when the capital is moved to London. Colchester held the only known example in Britain of a Roman circus used for chariot racing which was uncovered in 2005. '''60 AD''': Remnants of the Trinovantes participated in Boudicca's revolt, but after the revolt history loses track of them. ---- ==Reources== * Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''The History of the Kings of Britain''. 3rd Edition. Lewis Thorpe, translator. London: The Folio Society, 2012. *Mike Ashley. ''British Kings & Queens, A Brief History of the British Kings & Queens'', New York, NY: Carroll & Graff Publishers, 2002. *Ashley, Mike,''British Kings & Queens: The Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of the Kings & Queens of Great Britain''. New York, NY: Barnes & Nobles Books, 2000 * David Williamson, ''History of the Kings & Queens of England'', New York, New York: Barnes & Noble Books by special arrangement with Konecky & Konecky, 2003; Copyright, National Portrait Gallery 1998 * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/iron_01.shtml British Broadcasting Co. (BBC), British Pre- History] * Martin J Dougherty, ''A Dark History: Celts'', London, England: Amber Books Ltd, 2015 * Dr Ian Barnes, ''The Historical Atlas of the Celtic World'', New York, NY: Chartwell Books, Inc, 2012

[[Category: Reliable Sources for Pre-1700 Profiles]] See: * [[Space:England_Project_Reliable_Sources|England Project Reliable Sources]] * [[Space:EuroAristo_Project_Reliable_Sources|European Aristocrats Project Reliable Sources]] * [[Space:Irish_Roots_Project_Reliable_Sources|Irish Roots Project Reliable Sources]] * [[Space: Scotland - Reliable Sources|Scotland - Reliable Sources]] * [[Space:Wales_Pre_1500_Resources|Wales Pre 1500 Resources]] == Reliable Sources == * "England Births and Christenings, 1538-1975", database, FamilySearch * "England Marriages, 1538–1973 ", database, FamilySearch ==Reliable Sources with Conditions == == Unreliable Sources ==

Welcome to the Topical Team, part of the [[Project:United Kingdom|United Kingdom Project]]. The [[Space:British_Home_Children_Team|British Home Children Team]] is now under the umbrella of the [[Project:Canada|Canada Project]].